Explain Three Mechanisms Intrinsic To The Kidneys In The Glomerular Filtration Rate

His Table 2 Nutbeam et al 2009 mediators, causing increasing capillary permeability and widespread fluid shift into the interstitial space, which was no longer functioning to maintain vascular volume (known as third spacing) in addition, causing further vasodilation to occur.

The increased resistance of blood flow through the pulmonary semilunar valve from the right ventricle backs up the pressure of blood

Deacreased vascular resistance and increased arterial pressure causes an increase in blood flow. This is important to supply organs with oxygen. 4. Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them with supporting data from your experiment. MAP would increase due to increase in activity, SVR would decrease due to decrease in resistance, CO would increase due to more force of blood being expelled.

As muscle fibers contract, they lose their ability to contract forcefully (i.e., the greatest force of muscular contraction in the ventricle occurs earlier in the contraction phase and decreases as contraction proceeds). When ventricular pressures fall below their respective attached arterial pressures, the semilunar pulmonary and aortic valves close. At the end of systole, the semilunar valves shut to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles.

HYPERTENSION John’s long standing Hypertension causes his heart to work harder, putting more strain on his heart and arteries. In order to achieve a gradient in pressure by which blood flows from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure, the left ventricle must exceed the increased pressure in the arterial system (Ref).

B. Given that lymph vessels carry under very low pressure, they require assistance in moving lymph, especially vessels below the level of the heart which must move lymph upwards against gravity. The 2 mechanisms which

The kidney has evolved to maintain many homeostatic functions, including: 1. Ion balance: This includes [Na+], [K+], macronutrients, etc. 2. Osmotic balance: Controlling volume of urine produced. 3. Blood pressure: Controlling blood volume, over the long term regulates blood pressure. 4. pH balance: Controlling secretion & absorption of H+ & HNO3- 5. Excretion: The removal of toxic water insoluble compounds from the body 6. Hormones: Hormone production and regulation Kidneys must process tremendous amounts of blood, which may be up to 4 liters of blood per kilogram every minute in humans. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, comprised of the renal tubule and associated vasculature. Major kidney structures are described below.

Blood pressure in our blood vessels is monitored by the baroreceptors. These receptors send messages to the cardio regulatory center of the medulla oblongata to regulate our blood pressure every minute. In order for blood to be delivered to all organs and tissues, our cardiovascular system must always maintain adequate blood pressure. If the blood pressure drops too low, these organs will not receive an adequate of nourishing blood. Also if the pressure goes too high, the walls of the arteries will stretch and increased activity within the baroreceptor, information will then be sent through the nerves to the cardio regulatory center within the medulla which will responds by initiating the mechanisms that decrease the blood pressure to a normal

What is the purpose of reabsorption in the nephron? It allows the body to reabsorb any required nutrients and materials. In what direction are substances moving during the process of secretion? Explain what these substances are and why they are excreted from the body.

1. Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes. Both of our kidneys functions to filter and excrete waste products and toxins by regulating fluids, electrolytes, and acid based balance. If the Renal blood flow is altered then the glomerular filtration rate will be altered as well. A decrease in systemic pressure stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to constrict the renal artery and decreases filtration and secretion in the kidney. In addition, a tubular obstruction can lead to the reduction of Glomerular filtration rate. An elevated intracellular calcium level due to tubular damage may alter cellular level that increases tubuloglomerular feedback and diminishes GFR. This may be prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal. The prerenal will result from any condition outside of the kidney that disables the blood to flow to the renal vasculature causing a decrease in perfusion in the glomerulus leading to oliguria. However, both of the kidneys can still return to its full normal function on this stage. Second of the three is intrarenal, where anything can cause a direct damage to both of the kidneys such as infections, toxins, reduce blood supply, hypertension, diabetes, and even glomerulonephritis. The most common intrarenal condition is Acute Tubular Necrosis, where the epithelial layer of the nephrons are damaged causing a change in the concentration of urine, waste filtration, and an imbalance in electrolytes and acid

EFFECTS OF STRETCHING-MEDIATED TENSION ON VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION OF TOAD HEART INTRODUCTION Heart contraction is produced by stretching of sarcomere units, which produces strokes between myosin head and actin monomers located in the thin filament of sarcomere (Robinson, Dong et al. 2004). Changes in the resting tension of heart muscle affect the range of heart contraction. The heart has the capacity to adjust its contraction force as result of variations in ventricular filling (end-diastole), this effect is known as the Frank–Starling Law (Sequeira and van der Velden 2015). An increased systolic contraction is the results of the ventricle stretching due to greater end-diastolic volume happens (Schneider, Shimayoshi et al. 2006). However,

#45 1) Filtration: blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows into the glomerulus where filterable blood components such as water and nitrogenous waste will move toward the inside of the glomerulus, and nonfilterable components such as cells will exit through the efferent arteriole. The filterable components accumulate in the glomerulus to form the glomerular filtrate.

Table 2. EC50 values for the effect of acetylcholine and nitroprusside. EC50 in nM | Shearing forces acting on the vascular endothelium generated by blood flow causes a release of calcium and subsequent cNOS (cyclic nitric oxide synthase) activation. Therefore, increases in blood flow stimulate NO formation (flow-dependent NO formation). Nitric oxide then causes independent vasodilation by inhibiting vasoconstrictor influences of phenylephrine and alters its potency and contractile effect. (Richard E. Klabunde. 2010)

Kidneys work rapidly throughout the day filtering out the toxic wastes that go through the body. The kidneys filter about 180 liters of blood per day. That is three liters getting filtered 60 times per day. But my question is does having diabetes and hypertension affect the filtration rate

Glomerular Filtration Activity 1:  Effect of Arteriole Diameter on Glomerular Filtration 1.   Compare this data with your baseline data.  How did increasing the afferent arteriole radius affect glomerular filtration rate? >>Increasing the afferent arteriole radius pushed the glomerular pressure, the glomerular filtration rate, and the volume of urine to be higher than the