Explain Ways To Prevent Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon in which germs evolve to be able to resist the action of drugs. This causes illnesses that were once easily curable with antibiotics to become dangerous infections, requiring alternative medications or higher doses. With millions of deaths increasing every year, antibiotic resistance has become one of the world's most pressing public health problems. This essay will explain the key causes of the emergence of resistant bacteria, including antibiotic misuse, inappropriate prescribing and availability of few new antibiotics, and outline relevant effects of antibiotic resistance.

The misuse and overdose of the antibiotics increase the resistance problem. It can cause these bacteria to

When antibiotic is used most of the bacteria die but a few bacteria with antibiotic resistance gene survive and reproduce and pass this advantage to their offsprings. This selective pressure exists naturally, however antibiotic misuse can be accused for fastening the spread of the antibiotic resistance gene [Refer to figure 2] (Learn Genetics 2015). Consequently, inappropriate antibiotic intake will lead to a greater chance of superbugs being developed. Antibiotic resistance can be defined as a new ability which a bacterium has developed to stay unattached in the presence of an antibiotic that was previously effective to destroy the bacterium (ABC science 2015). Four key mechanisms that has been identified for bacterial antibiotic resistance can be listed as: producing enzymes that inhibit the functionality of the drug, reducing the effectiveness of the drug by producing targets against which the antibiotic, reducing the permeability of the drug into the bacterium and active export of antibiotics using various pumps (Pogson 2012). All these mechanisms can be developed by any of the bacteria when the corresponding mutated gene of antibacterial resistance is received. The genes code for specific proteins, and variation in the gene leads to alteration of the shape of proteins. This leads to changing the functionality

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), describes antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of antibiotic treatment. () So instead of being destroyed by the medications, the bacteria survives and continues to reproduce, resultant in new communicable diseases that even more difficult to treat.

Frequent antibiotic use over long periods of time puts selective pressure on bacteria, and causes resistance to spread. When an antibiotic is used to treat a typical bacterial infection, most bacteria are killed. Sometimes, however, a bacterium with an advantage lives. This bacterium can then reproduce and pass its advantage on, creating many more antibiotic resistant bacteria.​ Sometimes in medicine, antibiotics are used too often or incorrectly, which can cause resistance to spread faster than it would

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) “as microorganisms, predominantly bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents” ("Management of multidrug-resistant organism," 2006). The following list represents widely known MDROs:

Antibiotics are used incorrectly and become resistant when a patient misuses it. By overusing or underusing antibiotics, the bacteria will adapt and become resistance to the antibiotic. When people stop taking antibiotics to treat an infection before all the bacteria is wiped out, the existing bacteria survive, adapt, and multiply. When patients overuse the antibiotics, the antibiotics kill all the bacteria, including the good ones that help defend the body. Some of the bacteria will remain because of mutations that provide them with immunity and will continue to reproduce with developed resistance to the antibiotic, with the antibiotic having no effect and without any good bacteria left. Another way bacteria becomes resistant is through animals that have been given antibiotics. The bacteria can become resistant in animals and be transferred to humans through animal

First, antibiotic resistance is the ability of infections to evolve. These new adaptations will frequently allow an infection to withstand attacks from a drug it previously could not handle. When physicians treat infections with drugs, the drug kills off all of the bacteria that cannot stand up to the medication. Sometimes, a few bacteria remain that were able to combat the drug. These bacteria continue to grow and reproduce. As a result, all of its offspring also have the DNA necessary to fight off the medication. These

For a bacterium to become resistant a change in its DNA must occur. This can happen in more than one way. Bacterium may gain resistance through spontaneous mutation within the bacterium’s DNA. This occurs when a single amino acid that makes up a protein changes arrangement, the order of the peptide chain (made up of amino acids, joined together to make up proteins) then the purpose of the protein in the DNA changes. This causes the genetic makeup of the cell to alter. If the mutation is of benefit and gives the bacteria resistance, once all the other none resistant strains of bacteria are killed, the resistant bacteria multiplies and reproduces, creating a new strain of bacteria which is resistant to the antibiotic in hand. Once a resistance gene is obtained and inserted into the DNA, the bacterium can dominate other bacteria and

Antibiotics have been an important instrument in public health since 1928, saving the lives of people around the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), about half of antibiotics used in human and animals are unnecessarily and inappropriately prescribed, leading to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria (CDC, 2015). The CDC estimates that drug-resistant bacteria cause two million illnesses and approximately 23,000 deaths each year in the United States alone (2015).

Antibiotic resistance is a type resistance of bacterial infection to the drug prescribed by doctors to individuals who are infected. Antibodies that are given to a person may not be enough to cure a bacterial infection due to “superbugs” which is a pathogen resistant to many different types of antibodies.

Regular low doses of antibiotics that aren’t strong enough to destroy or kill bacteria provides a suitable environment for bacteria to develop mechanism of survival or to become resistant. The bacteria acquires ways to fight off antibiotics through hindering antibiotics from reaching their target cells .For example changing the permeability of cell walls or distorting the structure of cells or completely replacing them . So, in brief antibiotic resistance happens whenever an antibiotic losses its ability to effectively kill or control the growth of bacteria.

Bacteria is able to become resistant to antibiotics meaning when characteristics are ‘favourable’ within a population e.g. resistance to antibiotics, through evolution by natural selection the ‘favourable’ characteristic is passed on to the next generation. This is a problem as the effectiveness of antibiotics is quickly reduced as the population grows. There are organisms known as superbugs which are resistant to almost all antibiotics that are available

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic drug in which it was originally sensitive to. Resistant organisms are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals which makes standard treatment procedures ineffective. Antimicrobial resistance is something that has evolved naturally via natural selection through random mutations, it can also be achieved by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Once a gene mutation is generated, bacteria can then transfer genetic information horizontally, between individuals, by plasmid exchange. When a microorganism carries multiple resistance genes, it is

Antimicrobial or antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon seen when a certain microorganism (certain types of bacteria) develops a resistance for a drug that is used formerly to kill them. These resistant bacteria are emerging rapidly worldwide, affecting how a certain bacterial infection might be cured, and therefore rising a threat for patients who were treated with antibiotics a long time ago if the same type of infection. Antibiotic resistance occurred due to the overuse and misuse of a certain medication. (Ventola, C. L. (2015)). Antibiotic resistance conveys incurability for treatable illnesses which would cause a great dent in the healthcare system, rendering it useless. As a result of antibiotic resistance, human illnesses, cost, length of treatment, and side effects from using more powerful medications will increase with time if nothing is done to create an awareness for using antibiotics as treatments for various infections. Certain groups of people (infants, seniors, homeless living in an unhygienic conditions) are at higher risk of getting illnesses that would create the need to use antibiotics as treatments than other groups of people (that normally practice full hygiene). In my opinion, antibiotics should only be used in cases where it’s the last option available as a treatment, because the abuse of using antibiotics will only cause more problems later on in finding treatments for infections and other illnesses where bacteria is the cause of disease. Also, there