Explain What Spindle Fibers Do During Anaphase Of Mitosis

Chromosome pairs line up across the equator of the spindle at metaphase I (5). In anaphase I the chromosomes separate and travel to opposite ends of the spindle. The chromosomes migrate to the equators of two new spindles for metaphase 2 (7). Next the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase 2 to form four clusters of chromosomes in telophase 2. The nuclear envelopes reform around four haploid nuclei that will give rise gamete

Later on a male and female haploid cell will join to form a diploid cell with the right number of chromosomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to calculate the amount of time that was spent by a cell in each of the phases of mitosis. Also, it is used to be able to compare the process of mitosis between plant and animal cells.

A) Meiosis consists of two cell divisions and is broken up into Meiosis I and Meiosis II. At the beginning of the Cell Cycle, in this case there are four chromatids each from the homologous pairs being A, a, B, b. This is the Diploid number (4) meaning it is 2 times the haploid number that will be seen at the end of meiosis II. During the S phase of interphase, the chromatids replicate and reach the end of G2 phase. Now starting meiosis, during the first stage of prophase I the chromosomes condense and pair up through synapsis with their sister chromatids creating AA, aa, BB, bb. After they pair up they go through a process called crossing over, where the homologous chromosomes share a piece of their genetic material with each other. Crossing over allows for the genetic diversity of chromosomes. Now there are four homologous chromosomes Aa, Aa, Bb, Bb, each containing heterozygous alleles because the sister chromatids exchanged genetic information with their homologous pair. During late prophase I, spindle fibers being to form where they will later attach to a homologous chromosomes centromere. The next stage is Metaphase I. During metaphase I, the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, also known to be the center of the cell. The homologous pairs form a tetrad which is considered a group of four homologous chromosomes. These homologous chromosomes orient themselves randomly, which is know as the process of independent

Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome

Magidson V, He J, Ault JG, O’Connell CB, Yang N, Tikhonenko I, McEwen BF, Sui H, Khodjakov A. 2016. Unattached kinetochores rather than intrakinetochore tension arrest mitosis in taxol-treated cells. J Cell Biol. 212 (3): 307-319. Accessed 8 Feb 2016. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201412139

D. The kinetichore is the site of attachment of the centromere to the nuclear spindle apparatus.

19) The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear is called

19. In animal cells, the assembly of spindle microtubules starts at the centrosome. What is another name for the centrosome?

[A labelled diagram of the end of the Prophase stage of a cell here would be

Mitosis is one of two main methods of cell replication, the other being meiosis. It is “the simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts” resulting from the splitting of a cell. The ‘parent’ or original cell splits, duplicating its DNA (packaged in chromosomes) producing two ‘daughter’ or new cells with the same genetic code. There are four stages of mitosis; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. Interphase is not an official phase of mitosis as the cell is at ‘rest’ and not being divided during this phase. It is often called one of the phases of mitosis as it is one of the stages in the life cycle of a cell; however it is not a phase of mitosis due to the fact that no division takes place.

We must know the cycle of cells first if we want to know how the treatment of cancer works, cell has a 5 phase cycle. We call the cell mitosis when it divides into two cells. Cyclin-dependent kinases is a protein that control the five phase cycle.

Prophase: This is the first phase in the Cell Cycle. Chromosomes become more coiled and can be seen through a light microscope. The nucleolus disappears during Prophase and inside the cytoplasm spindle fibers form, migrating to opposite poles of the cell. Picture URL: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/images/prophase.gif

Chromatids are 2 identical strands that are linked by the centromere. At the end of S-phase the chromosome is composed of 2 identical chromatids (sister chromatids)

The cell cycle is separated into multiple stages such as G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the G0 phase is the stage in which there is no sign of the cell preparing to separate but, rather a stagnant cell. The G1 phase involves the expansion of the cell and gathering all the nutrients and energy to prepare for the upcoming processes of the cell cycle. In the S phase,