Explain Why Human Subjects Should Be Fully Informed About Experiments

Human experimentation has always been a topic of ethical controversy, recently the draw towards this practice has become increasingly more appealing; due to the expanding medical advancements and progress within the last decade. It is obvious why experimenting on humans is an attractive option, but how far can we push these experiments before it's considered criminal and inhumane? Many medical researchers push for the use of human experimentation because of the general good that these experiments may have on not only the medical community but also the general public. However, there are many ethical questions that need to be addressed before such experiment is conducted.

Based from this experiments, The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was submitted in April 18,1979 to …….? (“Impact,” n.d.).

Justice represents two rights; the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy. The right to fair treatment consists of being treated in a nonjudgmental, nonprejudiced manner and with respect. Those that do not complete the experiment cannot be denied treatment that may be established from the information gathered, nor can they be denied treatment if they seek outside treatment. The right to privacy provides limits that “their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be, that

In 1991, The United States established a policy to protect human beings from unfair, and unwanted subjects in experiments. This process was done by establishing an Informed Consent which is a legal document. Informed consent which is a legal document that is compose and overseen by the United States judicial system. This law was a necessity due, to the way humans were being tested on in the late 20’s. Unfortunately, in the past the United States took part in a lot of experiments on human beings as test subjects. Furthermore, the overall attributes of studies conducted during the 1920’s thru the 1950’s were considered unethical acts against human beings. Furthermore, the people that were involved had no knowledge that they were subjects in a life-threatening experiment. This type of treatment towards any human being is unethical medical practices. Experimenting on anyone without his or her knowledge is now considered unconstitutional in the United States of American. Anyone can volunteer however, there are guidelines which the volunteer may be either accepted or rejected for Clinal Trails

The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Retrieved December 13, 2011, from hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html

The purpose of IRB review is to assure that appropriate steps are taken to protect the rights and welfare of humans participating as subjects in the research, hence, IRB approval must be obtained prior to conducting a research project. To accomplish this purpose, IRBs’ use a group process to review research protocols and related materials like informed consent

When research involving human participants is carried out within an institution such as a hospital, formal ethical approval is normally required (Sim and Wright 2000). All participants gave informed consent. Informed

The first ethical principle stated by the Belmont Report is respect for persons. “Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection” (The Belmont Report). The researcher must respect the subjects decisions and be obliged to allow them to take part of the experiment voluntarily. The second

In 1979, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research published the Belmont Report. Centered around the concepts of justice, beneficence, and respect for persons, “this report would set forth the basic ethical principles for research involving human subjects” [4]. In 1981, the HHS and FDA revised existing federal regulations governing human subjects research to make those regulations compatible with the contents of the Belmont Report. This implementation of the Belmont Report led to the publication of The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects by HHS as part 46 of Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)[5]. In 1991, this policy was adopted by eighteen federal agencies

Over the years human experiments has developed the knowledge of human physiology and psychology. However, the use of human’s subject in research have to become a controversial issue in our society. It has become a debatable questions whether it’s ethical or not. There has to be a limit to where certain experiments can be implemented on humans such as trials for drugs and social experiments. There are moral principles that guides our research into deciding what is “right or wrong”. This principles is governed by two philosophical theory which is deontology and utilitarianism. However, they need to balance the risk and benefit for the participant associated with the research.

At the beginning of the study, the subjects were not well informed about the whole purpose of the research; neither were they informed of the inherent dangers of the study. The experiment was

Denis Diderot once said, “There are three principal means of acquiring knowledge... observation of nature, reflection, and experimentation. Observation collects facts; reflection combines them; experimentation verifies the result of that combination.” Denis Diderot discusses the overall way to obtain information. When wanting to know statistics, numerous experiments need to be performed in order to provide accurate results. Through the abundant of experiments performed, human experimentation is one of those tests. Upon hearing the words “human experimentation,” individuals automatically assume grotesque, immoral, and unethical tests being conducted on people. However, this is untrue because experimenting on humans is beneficial to the citizens

We all know that scientific experimentation has always been back and forth with whether or not testing on humans is the right thing to do. There are things that common, everyday people should know about the way these experiments are being handled. People should be informed on how test subjects are found. They should also know why scientists find it necessary to test on humans rather than other subjects. Lastly, if there have been any attempts to regulate how this research is organized. Many different scientific experiments have been done through the years, but do scientists find it necessary to test on humans? Are there no other test subjects we can use, such as rats or maybe even monkeys?

Advancements in medical technology can be associated in great part to human experimentation. It is widely known that medicine created for humans, in order to be proven effective, must undergo human clinical trials. When this form of experimentation is voluntary it benefits all of humanity. It just so happens that unfortunately, sometimes volunteers are misinformed of the dangers of the trial or are tested without their knowledge. This world wide issue has been attempted to be remedied through laws and regulations, but loopholes can still be found within them. Time has proved to the world that these laws are simply not enough. Stricter laws should be enacted to prevent the world's history of unethical human experimentation from repeating

In order to get tests up and going, scientists will need to have volunteer test subjects. However most of these volunteers may not understand what they may be getting into. In most cases, the subjects are taught the risks of these experiments but may not understand the actual toll it may take on them. Some of the these experiments are so complex, that it is very difficult to explain to the volunteers and may even mislead them. It is also very common that some