Explain Why The Liver Contains Conjugated Bilirubin

As excess bilirubin builds in the bloodstream, some is excreted in the urine which causes a tea-colored appearance.

Generally, bilirubin enters the liver and is transported to the liver where it is then secreted by liver cells into bile.

Gallstones are solid formations that are created from the components found in the bile juice. Gall juice is a yellowish-green liquid that contains bile acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, metals and other metabolites. Accordingly, we distinguish cholesterol (stones with cholesterol), bilirubin (stones with bilirubin) and mixed.

The hepatic portal hypertension is caused by the increase of blood flow from the abdominal cavity and an increase of resistance to blood flow in the liver. When this condition happens, it can lead to various complications this includes, swelling of the spleen, gastrointestinal bleeding, leg swelling because of fluid, jaundice or the yellowing of skin, and accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. Increase in hepatic portal vein pressure leads to collateral vessels formation that tries to bypass the liver and drain the blood into the general circulation. This can result in developments of enlarged varicose veins in the esophagus that may result to bursting and leaking

This essay will examine the functions of the liver and discuss the role of bile acids in OC. The pathophysiology of OC will be explored. The role of the midwife within a multidisciplinary team, alongside the physical care that is offered to women

Cholelithiasis (also called gallstones) is a form of gallbladder disease in which gallstones form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is an organ that stores bile. Bile is made in the liver, and it helps digest fats. Gallstones begin as small crystals and slowly grow into stones. Gallstone pain occurs when the gallbladder contracts and a gallstone is blocking the duct. Pain can also occur when a stone passes out of the duct.

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created in the body during the normal recycling of old red blood cells. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.

It is widely agreed upon in medicine that time is of the essence when it comes to diagnosis and treatment of disease. The pediatric disease, biliary atresia (BA) is no different in this regard, as it has been well accepted for several decades that the timely recognition and repair of BA is essential1. BA is a progressive, idiopathic disease characterized by extensive fibrosis of the extrahepatic biliary tree resulting in blockage of bile flow. BA is the most common cause of surgically correctable jaundice. It may also clinically manifest as scleral icterus, acholic stools, and urobilinogen; eventually leading to cirrhosis and hepatic failure if the disease is left untreated. BA is often fatal before the age of one year old if left untreated and as a result has become the most common indication for liver transplant in children1,2. The hypothesized pathogenesis of BA includes viral, immunologic, and genetic etiologies but currently no definitive cause for BA is known. The gold standard in diagnosing BA is intraoperative cholangiogram, which allows for direct progression to surgical correction of the anomaly if characteristic findings of BA are seen. The most common surgery performed in patients with BA is the Kasai Portoenterostomy (KP); which is intended to restore bile flow to the liver and proximal small bowel3,4. An early indication of a successful KP is resolution of jaundice demonstrating return of bile flow; the earlier in infancy this occurs the better the

One of these symptoms is jaundice, which is characterized by yellowish skin and eyes because of an inability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood. Patient with cirrhosis also suffering from itching, due to deposited bile's products in the skin. This patient also suffers from accumulation of fluid in legs that is called edema. As a result of the blockage of blood flow via the liver, fluid accumulation in abdomen which is worsen by the decrease in protein production. Other symptoms include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss and nausea. As the disease progress, complications may develop ,such as varices that happens with cirrhosis patient when the blood flow through the liver slows, so the blood from intestine go back to the vessels of the stomach and esophagus, these vessels are not meant to carry this much of blood so they dilate (varices), with increasing

This form of jaundice is usually caused by an inadequate intake of breastmilk. Bilirubin is excreted in stool, so breastmilk is essential for infants to have adequate bowel movements. It can also be due to the infant not properly “latching” on or their diet being replaced with other things that interfere with breastfeeding. Breastfeeding jaundice can also cause dehydration or low caloric intake (CDC, 2015). It will usually take care of itself by increasing breastfeeding. The parents can also consult with a lactation

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. If the gallbladder was damaged or dysfunctional there would be softer and more frequent stools. (Audesirk, T., & Audesirk, G. (1999). Retrieved November 21, 2015 from Chapter 29: Nutrition and Digestion. In Biology: Life on Earth (5th ed., p. 585, 586). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.) (General Surgery- Gallstones (Cholelithiasis). (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from

Another factor is rapid weight loss. As the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, it causes the liver to secrete extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones.

This substance is produced when a human digests lipids or fats. According to Sareen Gropper and Jack Smith’s “Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism” bile is produced through the process of chemically altering cholesterol, which is a type of fat found in a human’s blood. This process takes place in the liver and bile acids are produced. These bile acids are then conjugated or united with taurine and glycine to produce biosurfactants known as bile salts. The existence of bile salts inside of bile gives the substance the capacity to amalgamate lipids and fats with their aqueous (watery) environment inside of the gallbladder. According to Sareen Gropper and Jack Smith’s “Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism” bile is released from its origin (gallbladder) into the small intestine. Through the process of emulsification the bile substance in the small intestine disintegrates fats into much tinier particles which can be digested and absorbed at a much more efficient and quicker rate. This evidently shows that without bile and in turn bile salts the digestion of fats will not be

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Inflammation usually forms when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct that transports bile. Cholecystitis is the most common problem resulting from gallbladder stones (90% of the cases).

The bile moves into the gallbladder via tiny tubes. The bile is stored in the gallbladder and waits, becoming concentrated, for the signal to be released into the duodenum aiding in digestion. Without bile, the body could not digest fats, as fats do not absorb into water. The bile acts as a detergent and allows the two to mix.