Explaining a Bank's Investment Loans on Capitalization

One of the most famous features on the landscape of the banking crisis in 1980s was the crisis involving the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company in May 1984, which still is one of the largest bank failures in U.S. banking history. The collapse of CINB was a significant event in banking history that had a moral for both bank risk managers and regulators. It showed how quickly the exposure of credit problems at a well regarded bank could turn into a liquidity problem that danger not only the survival of the bank but also the financial system in the US.

Recent studies have investigated the impact of the 2007-2009 financial crises on banks’ capital. Berger and Bouwman (2011) emphasised the importance of capital during financial crisis. Their empirical study concludes that banks with solid capital base have some benefits during the crisis than those that are poorly capitalised. Well capitalised banks are more able to withstand the shocks due to liquidity squeeze, and therefore had higher chances of surviving the crisis period. Other benefits accrued to well capitalised banks include increase in their market share and profitability, as customers withdrew their funds from less capitalised to a well-capitalised banks. This conclusion was also reinforced by a recent empirical study conducted Olivier de Bandt et al (2014) on a sample of large French banks over a period of 1993 – 2012. Similarly, Gambacorta and Marques-Ibanez (2011) demonstrate the existence of structural changes during the period of financial crisis. They conclude that banks with weaker core capital positions, greater dependence on market funding and on non-interest sources of income restricted the loan supply more strongly during the crisis period. Using a multi-country panel of banks, Demirgüç-Kunt, Detragiache and Merrouche (2010) find among others results, that during

This course examines important issues in corporate finance from the perspective of financial managers who are responsible for making significant investment and financing decisions. The course is designed to develop critical corporate finance skills including: financial statement analysis, time value of money, valuation of stocks and bonds, net present value, risk adjusted return, opportunity cost of capital, capital budgeting and planning, company valuation and M&A. At the end of this course students will

The papers start off with giving an explanation of the Economic theory. It goes on to make the point that the theory really has not come yet to agree on the insinuations of augmented rivalry for banking reliability, and, more precisely, bank capital ratios. The author goes on to bring in an example, which makes the suggestion that increased competition reduces banks' soundness. The document explores the chief mechanisms that are talked about in the literature. The literature makes the point of mentioning that the bank managers have an inducement to take on extreme jeopardies to profit stockholders at the expenditure of investors. The document also brings in another perspective that had a contrast from what Camino and Matutes (2002) mentioned. Both of these made the point prove that

Marylebone Bank is an UK-based bank and had certain investments within the country and international. Marylebone Bank is currently holdings investments in five FTSE companies in banking industry, also holdings certain assets of cash and equity. The report sets the bank’s capital requirement with the requirement of Basel Accords in order to build up sustainable positive capital frequently to avoid losses, liabilities and liquidity. Firstly, the report analyzes the risk

ratios in their financial reports. The CAR is important to shareholders because it is an

Athanasoglou, P. P., Brissimis, S. N., & Delis, M. D. (2005). Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability (32026). Retrieved from Munich Personal RePEc Archive website: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32026/1/MPRA_paper_32026.pdf

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the balance sheet in commercial, insurance and investment institutions. The balance sheet is the list of a bank’s assets and liabilities. It provides information to investors about the firm’s financial position, performance and changes in financial position (Orens, & Lybaert, 2010). Banks are required under the Basel II Accord to come up with data inferring their level of exposure to risk and by those figures a minimum capital requirement is assigned (Basel Committee, 2006). The Basel II Accord is a cornerstone of a formal quantitative framework of risk management (Basel Committee, 2006). It is a standardized new requirement for financial institutions to retain a minimum level of capital to guarantee that obligations are met (Basel Committee, 2006).

According to Industry insider’s opinion focusing on big lenders had damaged the reserves of banks after numerous instances of loan defaults. More than half the banks in the country are at risk of becoming bankrupt after losing their capital reserves to high risk big loans. Loan defaults have damaged the banking sector,

The financial sector has been hit badly by the financial crisis in 2008. The increased competition between banks induced executives to take excessive risk to maximize bank’s profit, as their performance compared to other competitors is measured by the revenues they achieve to financial institutions and its stock value (Kashyap, Rajan et al. 2008).

Investment banking is an industry that faces crisis in different forms. First, crisis of trust, which implies that banks ' profit is more important that needs of their customers. Second, productivity and efficiency crisis with stagnant revenue, increasing costs and low ROE. In order to solve the complex challenges they face, the investment banks have to focus on transforming their business by being more strategic.

Promoting the safety and soundness of individual banking organizations requires the traditional skills of bank supervisors, such as expertise in examinations of risk-management practices; the Federal Reserve has developed such expertise in its long experience supervising banks of all sizes, including community banks and regional banks.” Further discussion on the consequences of the crisis on banking industry will be presented on the section Analysing the data.

Bank loans are a versatile source of funding for businesses. For example, these loans can be structured either as short- or long-term, fixed or floating rate, demand or with a fixed maturity, and secured or unsecured. While each potential borrower's business is unique, reasons to borrow generally include the purchase of assets including new fixed assets or entire businesses, repayment of obligations, raising of temporary or permanent capital, and the meeting of unexpected needs. Loan repayment generally comes from one of four sources: operations, turnover or liquidation of assets, refinancing, or capital infusion. This note describes traditional bank lending

Capital in banks play an essential role of helping banks remain solvent by absorbing losses caused due to stress conditions. In this paper, we shall analyse how capital helps banks manage their risk, what led to banks failing during the financial crisis and what measures have been adopted to avoid (or better manage) such situations in future.

• An insight of the various credit, market and operational risks attached to the banking sector