Exploring New Frontiers And Production Of Hydrocarbon From Niger Delta Basin Essay

Situated along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea is a region about the size of South Carolina that offers a land full of sweet, light crude oil, known as the Niger Delta (Delta). The Delta sits within the country of Nigeria in West Africa and is in a constant state of crisis, underpinned by a multitude of key issues. Those issues include severe poverty, soil and water contamination, high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, depletion of natural resources, corruption, and armed militia groups. These issues have one thing in common: oil.

Niger Delta region, placing the Nigerian oil output down to a third of its capacity” (Klare 3).

The formation is located in western North Dakota, southern Saskatchewan, northeastern Montana, and southwestern Manitoba, and has a depth of approximately 130 feet to 12,000 feet deep. The upper and lower Bakken shale layers contain large amounts of organic-rich black mudstone. During the Lower Bakken Member deposition, an increase in the rate of siliciclastic sedimentation (quartz and orthoclase feldspar) caused more organic material to be preserved in bottom sediments. During Upper Bakken Member deposition, an increase in biological productivity in the water column resulted in more organic carbon reaching the bottom where it was subsequently preserved (Bustin & Smith, 1995). The middle layer is made up of mostly mudstone and sandstone. This layer can be tapped by both conventional and continuous oil

Oil was discovered in this area in 1951, but the trick was extracting it. Then, not long ago, came a marriage of two techniques—one older, one newer. The older one was “hy - draulic fracturing,” or “fracking,” for short. This is the method by which oil or natural gas is forced from rock. The newer technique was horizontal

This document describes in detail the organic petrology and maturation of the Bakken Formation located in the Williston Basin. This report is organized into five sections. Section I will introduce the Bakken Formation in reference with the Williston Basin. It will also address sedimentary and structural aspects of the Bakken Formation. Section II outlines the processes that formed the Bakken Formation that occurred during the Devonian/Mississippian age. Section III will summarize organic components and influence within the Bakken Formation. Furthermore Section IV will address the nature of inorganic constinuents that influence the Bakken Formation. Section V will discuss production history and current production of oil and gas found within

uncomplicated area to study oils. In the Canadian and American parts of the Williston Basin occur

For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently, concerns have been raised regarding the over-exploitation of these resources, as various reports show that with the current level of exploration, these reserves will soon be depleted.

The Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline Project was a little known project funded by the World Bank. The World Bank worked with Chadian President Idriss Deby and corporations such as Exxon and Chevron to build an oil pipeline from Chad's Doba basin to Cameroon's Atlantic port city of Kirbi in Central Africa. The project was funded by the World Bank in order to bring wealth to the country, reduce poverty, and improve governance. Unfortunately, these ideals did not even come close to seeing the light. Instead of helping his desperate people, Idriss Deby used the oil revenues to fund his dictatorship. Not only did he change the constitution to ensure his permanent rule, but he also used over 30% of the profits on war and even more money on other shady

crude oil allowed in at the bottom of the tower at a time so that the

The Chad Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project is one of the largest investments in the private sector in Africa that costs approximately US$3.7 billion. The project is being funded by the World Bank and the International Financial Corporation. The involvement of these two major financial institutions is a demonstration of the rationale that the project will generate revenue that will enable the Chad and Cameroonian governments to invest more in programs that focus on reducing poverty like rural employment, education, and health. The involvement of the International Financial Corporation will be geared towards accomplishing three major roles. These are long-term financing, stabilizing role, and uplifting the quality and standard of mitigation plans and environmental assessments.

     Nigeria has been a country in political turmoil for a long time. The country was created in 1914 under British colonial rule and at that time it was considered a protectorate. It was not until 1960 that Nigeria received independence from the United Kingdom. One of Nigeria's problems politically is that it has over three hundred different ethnic groups. The three largest of these are the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba. At the time of the independence of Nigeria it was split up into three states with each state being under the control of one of the major ethnic groups. The natural resources of the other 297 ethnic groups were exploited for the major three groups,

Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project is located in the Southwestern region of Chad and one of Africa`s largest public and private development projects. It engaged 300 oil wells with project cost of $3.7 billion. Oil extracted is transported by 640 underground pipelines via neighboring Cameroon to offshore loading facilities at Kribi Cameroon. This project started in the year 2000 with oil to flow in the year 2004.This project was owned by Exxon/Mobil 40%, Petronas Malaysia 35% and Chevron 25%.81% of the

Most children in the Niger delta have little or no education, due to lack of funds from their parents who have lost their lands and have no jobs because of limited opportunities. The Niger delta government and the oil companies have refused to look into the situation; instead they favor their close relations neglecting the masses. Corruption in the Niger delta has led some youths in taking drastic measure in order to put food on their table. For example, Ikechukwu Efe an indigene of the Niger delta said that some of his friends created their own “oil refinery”, which is made up of crude oil in metal barrels with controlled heat from fire woods. This is a dangerous process in refining crude oil but the degree of poverty in the state left his friends with no choice. If only the government of the Niger delta have created jobs with the wealth of the state Ikechukwu’s friend would not have to put their lives in danger. Until corruption is put to an abrupt the people of the Niger delta will continue to live in poverty.

The oil and gas industries involve a high amount of documentation for both transportation as well as extraction and field services. Activities are highly regulated, and subject to oversight from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the Department of Transportation (DoT), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of the Interior (DoI). That said, the process of regulation is trending toward a more digitized system, with organizations like FERC having their own submission portals that implement a “fill-in-the-blank” platform to complete forms. However, not all forms have yet been converted to digital submission even in agencies with online portals, and other agencies still remain reliant on

The delta complex in the Niger Delta developed as arcuate-lobate buildups across the Anambra Basin and Cross River margins protruding to the late Cretaceous continental margin into the deep ocean while developing a thick sedimentary apron and salient petroleum system elements (www.indigopool.com).