Exploring The Pre Hospital Safety Concerns Within Trauma Patients

p.483 The cell bodies of primary-order neurons or pain-transmitting neurons reside in the dorsal root ganglia just lateral to the spine along the sensory pathways that penetrate the posterior part of the cord. The second order neurons are found in the dorsal horn (p.484) Most nociceptive information tranvels by means of ascending columns in the lateral spinothalamic tract (also called the anterolateral funiculus). The principal target for nociceptive afferents is the thalamus (the major relay station of sensory information in general) Third order neurons project to portions of the CNS involved in the processing and interpretation of pain, the chief areas being the reticular and limbic systems and cerebral cortex. (p 484)

As a support worker, it is necessary that organisation would need to have a foundational understanding of how to identify trauma associated responses. Similarly, there needs to be understanding when initiating treatment interventions for trauma-related symptoms, it is aimed to be conducive and empowering to the individual (Trauma-Informed Care: A Sociocultural Perspective, 2014). Also, all support workers should be skilled in identifying the symptoms of trauma, as well as not disregarding the probability of substance abuse and co-occurring disorders (Trauma-Informed Care: A Sociocultural Perspective, 2014). Hence, when creating an individual treatment plan, all likelihoods of self-medicating and individualised coping mechanisms should be reflected

      As well as killing pain, moderate doses of pure opioids produce a range of mild effects. They depress the activity of the nervous system, including such reflexes as coughing, breathing and heart rate. They also cause widening of the blood vessels, which gives a feeling of warmth and reduces bowel activity, which causes constipation.

In most cases the reactions are mild and if they do occur then first-hand you should consult the medicine box/bottle/DOMAR where it will state any possible side effects on the leaflet or possibly on the main label ir you see on some pain medication ‘’Caution-May make sleepy do not operate heavy machinery’’ etc.

The cervical spinal nerve C3-5 innervate the phrenic nerve. These are the lower motor neurons.

Trauma-informed care refers to a strength-based framework that is based on an understanding of the impact of trauma. This practice emphasizes on psychological, physical, and emotional safety for the providers, the survivors, and it creates an opportunity for the survivors to rebuild themselves and get a sense of control and empowerment. This practice is based on the growing knowledge about several negative impacts that are brought by psychological trauma (Withers, 2017). To understand more about trauma-informed care, this excerpt will examine what the concept entails, how one can change his or her practice to be more trauma-informed and incorporate Eric's experience in the discussion.

Developed in 1959 by a Belgian chemist, Fentanyl came into widespread use in the mid-1990s as a painkiller and anesthetic. With the widespread availability of this drug as a common prescription, it’s not difficult to understand how easy it is to become dependant on. Here begins the problem, for once their prescriptions run out, people need to buy drugs off the street to feed their addictions. Now, buying drugs off the street can be incredibly dangerous, as drugs produced in illegal labs without a way to control dosage can be deadly. This is an especially big issue with fentanyl, because of its potency; “A few hundred

The intervention model that will be used for therapy session is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). According to Rabinowitz and Cochran (2002), “CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and

An apartment complex in Denver, Colorado is testing out a new approach to addressing homelessness by introducing trauma-informed care principles into housing.

The three categories include, A-delta (Aδ) fibers, C fibers, and A-beta (Aβ) fibers. The A-delta fibers are medium lightly myelinated fibers that are stimulated by mechanonociceptors a severe mechanical deformation, or mechanothermal nociceptors which is extremes of temperature. The A-delta fibers causes reflex withdrawals before pain stimulus is induced in the body. The C fibers are small unmyelinated and are stimulated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors. They convey the dull, aching, or burning feeling that are poorly localized and the feeling stay longer. The A-beta fiber are large myelinated fibers that transmit touch and vibration feelings but not the pain feeling. However, they play part in pain modulation (McCance & Huether, 2014).

Imagine the following scenario: A 43 year old male and his 41 year old wife have just finished celebrating their twentieth wedding anniversary at a local restaurant. The husband had a cocktail at the bar while waiting for the table, and then had a couple of glasses of wine with dinner. After dinner, the happy couple drive their vehicle home on a snow covered highway. The car begins to swerve on the ice and enters oncoming traffic and hits a semi cab head-on. After an extended extraction of the driver by paramedics, the driver is found to be unconscious, has multiple head lacerations, chest contusions from the steering wheel, and his left leg is bleeding profusely from a compound femur fracture. The female is conscious, in shock, and states that she is 36 weeks pregnant and has pain in her abdomen. Both victims are flown via helicopter to the nearest level 2 trauma center where 2 teams of emergency room doctors, trauma surgeons, respiratory therapists, x-ray technologists, phlebotomists, chaplains, social workers, and of course, trauma nurses, are waiting to assess the patients and provide life-saving care. This scenario is not the exception in a level 2 trauma care center of the emergency-room, it is the average situation that a trauma nurse will find his or herself in every day. Because of the fast paced situations that require split-second critical decisions, the advanced life support training that is required, and the often unrewarded care, a career in trauma

The availability of prescription painkillers has increased substantially, painkillers are drugs that deal with the nervous system, it blocks pain and the patient will feel a “high”. The most common prescribed drugs

Opioids are pain relievers that bind to opioid receptors on nerve cells throughout the body. They produce feelings of euphoria, tranquility and sedation. However, opioids are “considered the most harmful of all illicit drugs” (Amato et al., 2005, p.321).

The main ar-gument of the article is that neuropathic pain is challenging to manage and is a signifi-cant burden on society. The authors highlight how intrathecal drug delivery can be an alternate intervention for neuropathic pain when other methods of treatment fail to re-lieve symptoms. The topics covered in the article are the various medications used to manage neuropathic pain such as opioids, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists, local anaesthetics, and corticosteroids. Ev-idence shows that intrathecal opioids may provide long term benefits for neuropathic pain, with other medications such as baclofen, ziconotide, bupivacaine, clonidine also showing moderate evidence of effective management of neuropathic

1Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opiate analgesic, which has a primary function in managing malignant and non-malignant contractible pain, similar to morphine however it is more potent. This is because fentanyl has an octanol-water partition of 9550 compared to morphine, which has 6. This effectively demonstrates that fentanyl is highly lipid soluble, crossing the blood brain barrier more rapidly. Hence it has a quicker reaction time but at a shorter duration compared to morphine. It is commonly used to treat patients with severe pain or patients experiencing pain after a surgery. Fentanyl can also be used to treat patients with chronic pain that are physically tolerant to opiates. Patients who are not physically tolerant to opiates