External, Internal, And Construct Essay

Not only is money in the economy thought of by a person, but they also think about strain on their mind and body. Stress is something that everyone comes across in life. Many people have emotional issues with they stress levels on a day to day basis. Often times, civilians worry easily about their work ad daily lives just as often as their money problems. Airmen, on the other hand, take a test to see how well they would react to certain situations they are in put in. TAPAS, or Tailored Adapted Personality Assessment System, tests how strong an applicant’s personality and leadership skills are. Taking personality tests can determine if the military life style is fitted for the applicant, or if they can handle certain obstacles put in front of them. Even then,

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

External validity is when research findings are applied to the real world. When looking at 19-21 year olds on a college campus, we need to study a broad range of individuals coming from different cultures and backgrounds. We also need to look at which situations these are being applied to such as where they are there drinking habits taking place.

This paper introduces the overview of personality assessment approaches in use currently in society. It proceeds to review the big five personality measures, its validity in prediction of personality types (Archer, 2011). The topic on MIPS questionnaires use in personality measurements and scoring methods used by the system is reviewed. Aspects on the social desirability trait and the distortion produced in responses to evaluation questionnaires, being a significant part of the problems in personality assessment is examined. Social desirability does not have an influence on the predictive validity of personality assessments. It is not related to performance in the job. Various strategies used for reduction of social desirability have been studied. The various tools used in assessments are recapitulated including some methodological aspects (Weiner, 2009). Cultural aspects in evaluation of personality discussed are touched upon. Two case studies are used to show the real life situation of personality assessment.

4.     What is more important in an experimental study, designing the study in order to make strong internal validity claims or strong external validity claims? Why?

Bornstein, R. F. (2007). Toward a process-based framework for classifying personality tests [Peer comments on the journal article “Advancing personality assessment terminology: time to retire ”objective“ and ”projective“ as personality test descriptors” by G. J. Meyer, & J. E. Kurtz. Journal of personality assessment, 2 (89), 202-207.

There are many external and internal factors that impact the planning functions of management. We must all be mindful of these factors because they could have an enormous impact on organizations productivity. The process of assessing the external and internal factors that an organization will face can be vital to the planning function of management. One must determine a set of issues and constraints and then list the assumptions that will impact the implementation of the plan. The environmental assessment develops understanding of external and internal processes that influence the organizations success rate. The purpose of the environmental assessment is to identify and analyze the key trends, forces,

For any measure to be valuable in psychological research, it needs to be both valid and reliable (Goodwin, 2008: 128). Research is reliable when more researchers have found the same results, or, within for instance behavioural research, when the same behaviour occurs at several measurements (Goodwin, 2008: 124). There are different types of validity. Firstly, there is construct validity, which measures whether an operationalisation of a construct actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Secondly, criterion validity determines whether a certain phenomenon is related to another phenomenon, and can accurately determine future developments. Lastly, content validity determines whether a test measures all aspects of the construct that is being measured (Goodwin, 2008: 125-126).

External validity refers to the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other individuals, setting, and times.

According to Polit and Beck (2017), validity is the extent by which research evidence reinforces that the data analysis are truthful and the method the date is utilized is suitable. There are arrays of threats to research design validity; threats to internal validity include testing and instrumentation, temporal ambiguity, selection, history, maturation, and attrition or mortality. Research scholar needs to understand that while appraising a research study, it is imperative that the validity is analyzed prior to implementing the result into practice, implementing an untrue research into practice could result in a compromised quality of care, astronomical expenses for the organization, and insignificant outcome to patient

Allport defines personality as ‘the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment’ (Allport, 1937). An individual’s unique personality traits and attributes are a powerful indicator of how he/she will interact with the work environment. The difference between average and outstanding employees can often be solely personality related. As the employee is the most valuable asset to the company, ‘selecting the right employee during the process is critical’ (Carbery and Cross, 2013, pp. 41-53)

Hailey, thanks for sharing your input. I like the way you explained the internal and external validity factors as you mentioned that correctness is important because it proves that study is valid or invalid. It is very important because both factors have threats. Internal validity threats are history effect, maturation effect, testing effect, instrumentation effect, selection bias, selection maturation effect, statistical regression, mortality/attrition, Hawthorne effect, placebo effect, diffusion of treatment, location, and implementation. Researchers must control those threats to achieve internal vality. External validity threats are selection treatment interaction, settling treatment interaction, and history treatment interaction. Research

The elements applicable to internal validity are its history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, experimental mortality, and interaction effects (Hagan, 2010). The internal elements mentioned are important because they are factors that could be responsible for producing results, instead of the assumed treatment being responsible (Hagan, 2010). I believe that maturation should be the internal element that researchers are most concerned because the changes that occur are either biological or psychological and are not a result of the experimental variable (Hagan, 2010). Simply meaning, that people change and any experiment based on a person’s attitudes and/or behaviors can have an impact on one’s study.

Companies have started to use personality tests in the past five years so that they can find a potential employee’s strengths and weaknesses. If questions and answers are quite accurate and test is done properly it can help an employer to find more about person’s advantages and disadvantages. It is very important to know because one of the most important points is that most of personality tests help to recognize unqualified candidates. “Although experts warn that many personality assessments don't deliver what they promise, legitimate scientifically validated tests are helping employers evaluate job candidates to select those best suited for particular positions. Other tests are designed to measure intelligence, honesty, management aptitude and other qualities.”

The historical use of the terms objective and projective to classify a personality test, and the problems with such classification.