Extraction of Dna from Calf or Hog Thymus/Isolation of Yeast Rna

• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules. Reference Table 4.1.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA): It is a single nucleic acid supported by adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil supported by ribose sugars. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

Since DNA has the instructions for making protein we usually wonder how is it able to make ribosomes if DNA is stored within the nucleus. This is when a handy tool comes in called transcription and copies the DNA into mRNA so it can be reached outside of the cell.

Two structural differences between DNA and RNA would be that RNA contains ribose while DNA is missing the hydroxyl group form its ribose. Also, RNA is created by transcription of a gene locate in the cells of DNA. DNA is doubled stranded whereas RNA is single stranded.

D)Nucleic Acids monomer(s) are called nucleotide. The functional group is dna(Deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna(Ribonucleic acid). The linkage type is covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. The primary function of nucleic acid is to store and transfer genetic material.

Throughout the cells there are much type of Eukaryotic cells which make many types of cells and then they proceeds to the RNA, There is no complete data of this RNA present and the characteristic are very poorly unstated. The genetic information is directly represented by the RNA and it focuses on its synthesis, translation and modification it helps to understand the genome functions also. These observation are taken up together to form and define the functions and description related to genes (Bell, 2004). This observation tells about the range of expression and localization. As the technology is been improving day by day for the RNA profiling and the type of isolation made by the cells , the number of RNA has grown and

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.

DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) is a nucleic acid that has many names, each representing the phases that it undergoes (chromosomes, chromatin, genes/alleles); it resides in the nucleus (bound by 2 *phospholipid bilayers) of almost every cell in the body (red blood cells being an exception). DNA (your genotype) is double stranded and is responsible for replicating (from 46 to 92) during Interphase, so that mitosis can make new cells, repairing and allowing for growth in the body. It is also responsible for transcription and translation, a series of processes that allows for the genotype to become a phenotype (what you look like and metabolic processes). DNA is ~ 2 M long, and yet fits into a cell that is ~ 100 µM in size! Simple

- 350 μl of Buffer N3 (neutralization buffer) was added and mixed by inverting the tube for 6 times. Then white fluffy precipitates appeared that mean the plasmid DNA is unaffected.

The main material of this experiment was HCT-116 ( human colorectal carcinoma) cells where RNA isolated. Method was applied with Rneasy Mini Kit- Qiagen. Homogenization was done by 70 % ethanol. Microcentrifuge and its tubes, pipettes, pipette tips and gloves were other materials of this experiment.

Nucleic acid is something that a living organism synthesizes itself and there are 2 types: RNA and DNA. Nucleic acid contains the blueprint of the metabolism control and protein synthesis. It also improves a natural healting process and fortifies an immune system.

The actual function of the RNA is not to pass information from one generation to the next. RNA is short for ribonucleic acid. The DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, provides codes for the structure of RNA in the cell’s nucleus. There are three different types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRna). None of which, has the primary function to pass information from one generation to the next. The cell itself is a working body. The DNA is formed by a sequence from four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by a phosphate compound. . The code is copied onto the messenger RNA (mRNA). The function of the messenger RNA is to carry the code from the nucleus out to the ribosome. The messenger RNA attaches itself to the transfer RNA. (tRNA). The function of the transfer RNA is to attach amino acids and carry them to the ribosome. The formation of amino acids created from the code provided to the RNA by the DNA molecule is what produces proteins for the cell. The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. In short, the actual function of the RNA is to make proteins on the ribosomes from the unique set of instructions given by the nucleus. Whether or not RNA is hereditary is asking which came first, the chicken or the egg. Scientifically, DNA is the hereditary material that gets passed on from one generation to the next generation. The structure of DNA is a double helix

The nucleus is critical to cell biology. In an academic analogy, it acts as the principle. It is the control center and it stores DNA. There are three major parts to the nucleus which are the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and DNA. The Nucleus is within eukaryotic cells and is protected by a nuclear envelope. The envelope has pores that allow substances, like proteins and ribosomal subunits, to travel in and out of the nucleus. On the inside of the nuclear envelope, is nucleoplasm. Nucleoplasm is a jelly like matter were subtances are dissolved. The Nucleolus is a small, ball-like structure that sits inside the nucleus and produces subunits of ribosomes. The DNA in a nucleus is found in chromatin. It is a stringy substance that surrounds the

Our body contains millions and millions of cells those of which that contain our bodies genetic information inside their nucleus. DNA is used to make polypeptides by first transcribing the DNA strand, transcribing is when a helicase splits apart the the DNA sequence and then mRNA copies the sequence of the bases. The mRNA is able to complete the strand because of the Complimentary Base Pair Rule which states that adenine can only connect with thymine and that guanine can only connect with cytosine. Then once transcription ends (the mRNA finishes pairing with the base strand). The mRNA leaves the nucleus,this is where translation occurs, then once it has fully left the nucleus the mRNA docks with a ribosome. Then the ribosome detects and then

Transcription is where DNA is transcribed into RNA which then can be pass to the ribosome’s to act as a template for protein synthesis. Before transcription can begin DNA must unwind and the two halves of the molecule much come apart so exposing the base sequence. This process begins when a region of a two DNA strands is unzipped by enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule at the imitation site.