Extremophiles Research Paper

often will people think of a nautilus, an organism that is a distant cousin of cuttlefish and squid. These organisms have been dubbed "living fossils" and have been on earth for about 500 million years. The nautilus tends to in front of coral reefs, deep in the ocean. The long existence of the nautilus has allowed its mesmerizing spiral shell to be embedded in some rocks and has become a part of the fossil record.

The deep sea is home to many fascinating creatures that have yet to be explored by scientists for their features. These creatures can be seen as special for the way they are able to survive in the extreme sea environments. Three species, in particular, have interested scientists for their own unique ways of adapting: the giant squid, the zombie worm, and the yeti crab. Their ways of adaptations allow them to survive in the intense deep sea environments.

In sample 1 a fairly wide range of species was observed, forums, radiolarians, coccoliths, sponge spicules, even a sphere of pyrite. The forums that present include Neogloboquadrina pachyderma as seen in figure 1. In figure 7 a Globigerina uvula can be seen. Figure 8 shows Globigerinita Glutinata and figure 12 shows a piece of Globigerina bulloides. Although a wide range of diversity was seen there was not a large abundance of any species. Colder templates are less productive

As scientists, particularly astrobiologists, learn more about life on Earth our perception of is habitable is changing 7. The discovery of life living my mid ocean ridge geothermal vents in the 1970’s is a classic example of this. Before it was thought that life could not exist without light from the sun. By these geothermal vents organisms exist, completely cut off from other ecosystems. These vents are often thousands of kilometers below sea level and most receive no light from the sun. They also exist under a high pressure environment. Some of these organisms, or extremophiles, are complex organisms that feed off the minerals emitted from the vent in a process called

That will help the microbes from the seafloor feel like they’re at home. Researchers need to recreate such harsh conditions to nurture organisms that are used to extreme habitats. And, Jaspars suspects, such organisms will likely make metabolites no one has ever seen before. Secrets of sponges

Life on the deep sea-floor is minimal to none, the temperature of the sea at those levels is close to freezing. Such extremely cold water slows biochemical processes like chemosynthesis. Since they live in such deep waters, human activity has very little impact on their population which leads them to a lifespan of 15 to 30 years. However, there are oxygen-deprived zones where life hangs on and life is scarce; there are already hypoxic zones which means that there are some organisms out there living in an environment with low oxygen levels which is making life scarce. In some areas, however, deep-sea benthos are full of life and communities because hydrothermal vents and deep water coral reefs support diverse ecosystems. The animals that are

These invertebrates include ‘Serpulids, Branchiopods, Sponges, Ascidians, Bivalves, Echinoids and Benthic foraminifers.’ (书) these benthic invertebrates have contributed an important role in cool-water carbonate environment. As the pure carbonate accumulated in a distinctive shallow water, this environment is based on the influence of the assemblage of coralline algae and the beneath invertebrates, which were swept into shoals by the strong tidal

First of all, creatures in this zone have not been examined thoroughly; therefore, we do not know many things about these strange, alien like creatures. Scientist do not know how these deep sea creatures live in such harsh enviroments. Scientist cannot find out how they, the

Paradigms likely to influence my inferences, particularly with respect to artiodactyls, include: thermoregulatory behaviour, endothermy, homeothermy, heterothermy, adaptive heterothermy and heterothermy induced by water and/or energy stress. Competing paradigms of heterothermy (adaptive vs. stress induced) are particularly pertinent and continue to be debated (testing the paradigm and Kuhn’s period of ‘revolutionary science’ (82)). No neutral evidence exists to compare these paradigms (cf. positivism, (80)), however they are not entirely incommensurable (Kuhn’s incommensurability, (85-87)). In addition, although each paradigm possesses its own supporting evidence (albeit it being paradigm-relative (84, 88)); limited data and evidence exists to judge, compare and choose between the two paradigms (Kuhn’s theory-ladenness of data (88)). In anticipation of my findings, I am aware that I am more aligned to the paradigm of water and/or energy induced heterothermy and will remain conscious of this throughout my method of enquiry, evidence analyses and scientific

validus is circum-Antarctic and is a prominent species in subtidal zones (Dayton, 1989). Spawning occurs in the middle of winter and larvae maintain a very low metabolic rate while they wait for phytoplankton blooms to occur several months later (Pearse, 1969). It is also believed that successful fertilization in polar species requires a much higher sperm concentration than that of invertebrates located in tropical and temperate areas, and that sperm speed may be impacted by the cold of the Antarctic and Artic waters (Powell et al., 2001). The O. validus is also significant in the fact that asteroidean larvae are non-calcifying in their earlier developmental stages (Gonzalez-Bernat, et al., 2013). From this we are able to look at the effects of ocean acidification on non-CaCO3 structures to determine if the low pH effects other growth structures. Looking at these early life history characteristics under different pH levels, we will be able to determine relationships between development and the pH level in surrounding sea water.

Although animals have adapted to many different environments, there is one that trumps them all: the tardigrade. Commonly called water bears and sometimes moss piglets, tardigrades are able to endure many environmental stresses, such as dehydration and extreme temperature changes (Herkewitz). They can even survive in space (Herkewitz)! This essay will prove that the tardigrade is the most resilient animal on earth and give a glimpse into the everyday life of a tardigrade.

Photosynthesis occurs in the first 660 feet of the sunlight zone that's why most of the marine mammals live in the first 600 feet of the sunlight zone. Most of the animals need sunlight to live and the sunlight zone provides that. There are many different types of marine mammals that live in the sunlight zone the most common ones are, Angelfish ( Brightly colored fish, lives in shallow warm waters), Angel shark ( Harmless shark, bottom dweller), Beluga whale ( Small and white, lives in cold Arctic Waters), Blowfish ( Poisonous fish, can swallow water double its size, also called puffer fish, globefish, and fugu), Blue-ringed octopus ( A very small venomous octopus, safe and warm reefs), Bottlenose dolphin ( Small dolphin, bottom dweller), Copepod ( Live in fresh and saltwater), Cuttlefish ( Very short legs, has a fin along the entire mantle, has an internal cuttlebone), Elephant seal ( A huge seal, lives in Pacific Ocean), Brittle star ( Has long spiny arms, bottom dweller), Horseshoe crab ( Hard shelled animal, lives and warm waters), Thresher shark ( Tail and fin greatly and Lodge its upper lobe), Whelk ( Spiral shell), and Zebra bullhead shark ( Bottom dweller, zebra like stripes). There are many more animals to be discovered that help the sunlight zone and the environment. (Sunlit Ocean (Euphotic) Zone Animal Printout,

The spectacular and silicate coral reefs of Australia, Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Pico are ecological gems and important economic resources. Often called "rainforests of the sea" for their rich biodiversity, the coral on which these diverse ecosystems are based are actually living organisms themselves. They form when polyps -the living portion of stony corals-extract calcium from seawater and combine it with carbon dioxide to construct the elaborate limestone skeletons that form the reef.

Phylum Mollusca (originating from the Latin word for “soft”) includes organisms such as snails, octopi, squids, clams, and oysters. They are organisms that have soft bodies typically composed of a head and foot region. The dorsal epidermal tissue surrounding the body is called the mantle, and some organisms have specialized glands that secrete excretions that form their hard exoskeletons, like in clams and snails. Class Cephalopoda are considered one of the most intelligent, most mobile, and the largest of all the molluscs. These organisms include the octopi, squid, cuttlefish, and the Vampyroteuthis infernalis.

An investigation into the effects of varying seawater concentrations on two marine invertebrates’ osmoregulatory abilities; Carcinus maenas and Arenicola marina.