Exxon Valdez: Environmental Analysis

Massive cleanup efforts were initiated within a few weeks of the spill and they continued at reduced levels for the next three years. Approximately 14% of the spilled oil was recovered by cleanup crews (Newsweek, p.50). As a result of these efforts and natural weathering, little oil from the spill remained in the affected area by 1992. However, according to the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration some oil residues are still found under the ocean surface in areas sheltered from wind and waves. Yet, these residues are highly weathered and the toxicity is reduced to levels tolerable by organisms in the water (7). Nonetheless, the magnitude and timing of the Exxon Valdez oil spill raised immediate concerns about possible effects on marine fish and wildlife and prospects that these effects might be long lasting.

Pipelines and oil-drilling platforms will harm caribou, polar bears, and millions of migrating birds (Come on in.: 38). Whenever some country drills for oil it is more likely than not for that country to have an oil spill. Oil spills are deadly to animals, hard to clean up, and it takes the land thousands of years to recover. The United States has already had one major oil spill off the coast of Alaska in Prince William Sound. If another large oil spill occurred on the water it would have a substantial effect on whales and other marine wildlife (Experts say Alaska Oil Drilling Hurts Wildlife: 43). There are over 130 bird species that find breeding, nesting, or resting places on the coastal plain (Defenders of Wildlife).

Imagine 2,500 to 68,000 square miles covered in 4.9 million barrels of oil. No, imagine being covered in 4.9 million barrels of oil. Picture yourself gasping for air in an ocean filled with oil. That is exactly what birds, sea turtles, dolphins, and other animals had to do after the most catastrophic oil spill of all time occurred on April 20, 2010.

Oil spills suffocate marine life to death, and is extremely bad for the environment. “Wherever oil is consumed, such as in manufacturing or when loading a ship with fuel, there are opportunities for oil spills (Noaa).” Oil spills are extremely harmful to marine birds and mammals as well as fish and shellfish. Oil spills also contribute to habitat loss as it also can ruin and eventually destroy ocean habitats, causing wildlife to lose their homes. “But such publicized events account for only a small part of the total amount of oil pollution in the oceans—and many of the other sources, such as automobile oil, go largely unnoticed, scientists say.

Oil spills from offshore drilling or shipping are huge threats to the sea otter population. In 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska’s Prince William Sound killed several thousand sea otters. Sea otters are still threatened by events like

The oil spill created long term problems for the living organisms that inhabit the Gulf of Mexico. The oil covered the feathers of birds, making them unable to float at the surface. The oil killed some of the deep sea coral as far as seven miles away from the site. Mammals ingested the oil, which resulted in some of the mammals having internal bleeding and ulcers. This has also lead to an increase in sea turtles stranding, sick dolphins, and a decrease in population of many marine animals. This disaster stuck during the breeding season for many species of wildlife. “The oil’s toxicity may have hit egg and larval organisms immediately”, which could have wiping out those age classes. Population dips and cascading food web has occurred due to

These teams are looking to see how the remaining oil left in the Prince William Sound can affect the local wildlife. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States, or the NOAA, says that “spilled oil can harm living things because its chemical constituents are Poisonous. This can affect organisms both from internal exposure to oil through ingestion or inhalation and from external exposure through skin and eye irritation. Oil can also smother some small species of fish or invertebrates and coat feathers and fur, reducing birds' and mammals' ability to maintain their body temperatures” (NOAA, N.d). The spill from the crashed ship resulted in millions of animals to die after they ingested a massive Dose of the oil, and that has created a massive Environmental Hazard. Unfortunately, it wasn’t until years later that researchers found out the extent of the Exxon Valdez’s damage and just how large the Concentration of the oil was. According to Sara Graham of Scientific American, “the Exxon Valdez spilled 42 million liters of crude oil and contaminated 1,990 kilometers of shoreline. Some 2,000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals and about 250,000 seabirds died in the days immediately following the spill” (Graham, 2003). But that wasn’t the end of it. The oil has shown incredible Persistence and almost thirty years after the Exxon Valdez disaster occurred, we still feel the many Sublethal Effects that the spill had on the Alaskan

Lutra canadenis, river otter, in the Prince William Sound, Alaska encountered major effects for the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Duffy et al. 1994). Lutra canadenis consume marine fish and marine invertebrates which makes them unique from freshwater otters and inshore otters (Bowyer et al. 1995). L. canadenis are terrific species to display pollution effects on mammals (Duffy et al. 1994). It was noted by, Duffy et al. that river otters in the areas located in the oil spill had a decrease in body weight and the levels of haptoglobin in the blood was elevated. Duffy et al. discovered that the river otters in the areas affected by the oil had a higher level of haptoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and interleukin which indicated that there was

In this century, there are nothing new about human corruption of the earth. However, in this article said that today, scientists has investigated the effects of Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 on Alaskan communities and ecosystems for embryonic salmon and herring. Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska shows that the spill may had much greater impacts on spawning fish than previously recognized because of crude oil can develop hidden heart defects that adjustment for their later survival.

“One of the last best places on earth”-Holleman, Marybeth. The water was innocently untouched before the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Prince William Sound’s Bligh Reef. As oil spillage only grew cleanup began to take place right away. The recovery was a long process due to lack of efforts. In addition, discussions formed at the scene questioning if this was a crime, an accident, or a felony (Lewis, G). Although the Exxon Valdez oil spill was one of the most devastating environmental disasters, the response to the following oil spills didn’t significantly improve.

Oil spills happen all of the time, and are almost always inevitable. However, an oil spill happening in the Arctic is something that has never come to pass, yet. There are new variables that must be considered. The ice that floats on top of the waters in the Arctic are an obstacle all of their own. If an oil spill were to occur in this part of the world, the oil could easily be trapped under the ice. These frozen pieces are not stationary, they are always moving. Keeping this in mind, as the ice moves, with oil underneath, the oil moves. This causes irreparable damage to more than just one solitary location. It travels creating chaos for multiple marine ecosystems. This in turn creates a problem for animals, both on land and at

“The impacts of previous oil disasters show that wildlife in the gulf will continue to be affected by subsurface oil” The past oil spills are still contributing to the death of mammals in the area of the disaster. The NOAA says, “In total, we found the oil spill has likely harmed or killed approximately 82,000 birds of 102 species, approximately 6,185 sea turtles, and up to 25,900 marine animals including bottlenose dolphins, spinner dolphins melon-headed whales and sperm whales.” Plenty of animals die every day already from natural causes and overfishing, but oil is causing even more to die at an extreme rate. “The national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said it had found 32 dolphins in the bay under weight, anemic and showing signs of liver disease. nearly half had low levels of stress hormones that help with stress response, metabolism and immune functions” The disasters are harming the mammals that live in the area of the spill, not only poisoning them but affecting them in the long-term and eventually adding to the already high number of deaths “... NOAA says 714 dolphins and whales have been found stranded from the Florida panhandle to the Texas state like, with 95 percent of those mammals found dead” Dolphins and whales are being hit hard by oil disaster and they turn up dead even after the oil has been cleaned up. From oil

On March 23, 1989; a 987 foot Exxon ship was carrying 53,094,510 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of North Slope crude oil and was headed for Long Beach, California. Before that day, they transported more than 8,700 times over 12 years without problems.The Exxon Valdez grounded at Bligh Reef that day, rupturing 8 of its 11 tanks. These spilled about 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound (Gulf of Alaska). No human lives were lost as a direct result of the oil spill, even though through clean up processes 4 people died. As a result however, there were many indirect and immense losses pertaining to humans and nature. (You can see one clean up event in the picture at the top,

The oil also has a physical and physiological effect including irritation, inflammation, or necrosis of the skin, chemical burns, ingestion of oil/dispersants can lead to inflammation, ulcers, bleeding, as well as possible damage to liver, kidneys, and brain tissue. It can also cause disfunction of the immune and reproductive system. The wildlife can become physiologically stressed, their physical condition will ultimately decline, and some may even die. The oil spill has additionally had an extensive effect on the ecosystem as a whole. An ecosystem can be defined as a biological environment consisting of all the organism living in a particular area, as well as the non-living physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact. Experts predict that the ecosystem could require years or even decades to fully recover since there is a chance of biomagnification. Biomagnification occurs once a PBT(Persistent Bioaccumalative substances) have piled up in one part of the ecosystem the substance becomes concentrated from one link in the food web to the next. It can affect entire populations and threaten biodiversity in “insidious, sub-lethal” ways. In addition to the possibility of biomagnification the oil causes

Over 8000 animals were reported dead 6 months after the spill, including many that were on the endangered species list (7). Subsequently, seafood prices increased affecting restaurants and supermarkets. People abstained from going to beaches covered in oil, water sports and other aquatic attractions which meant that all organisations involved in tourism such as hotels, tour operators, restaurants and boat rental companies were affected (1). Furthermore, the method of cleaning up the oil by “in-situ burning” (burning oil in a contained area on the surface of the water), had adverse effects on the environment as the burning off of the oil led to mutations and increased mortality due to pollution.