FFC Mice Case Study

Cirrhosis is a serious disease of the liver where scar tissue replaces normal healthy tissue, and affects the function and structure of the liver. Liver, which is the largest organ in the body, has a vital roles which are important to keep the body functioning well. Liver makes proteins and enzymes that regulate blood clotting. It also regulates cholesterol and stores the energy. In addition, the liver removes poisons from the blood. 30% of cirrhosis's victims are diagnosed will remain alive for 5 years. Cirrhosis can be defined regarding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

I have worked on DNA methylation, RNA expression, clinical patient data based on the Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma dataset through the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). The study

The Oxford English Dictionary defines a drug as, “a substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body” (“Drug,” 2016). Most would consider this definition too broad since simply ingesting food causes physiological changes in the body. However, most do not consider the multifarious ways in which the food that we eat affects our epigenetic gene expression, or the bi-directional signaling between our gut and our brains. The food that we eat is metabolized in the gut by micro-organisms which collectively form our microbiota. The 100 trillion prokaryotic cells that make up our microbiota, constitute 90% of the cells in our bodies, and are derived from more than 40,000 bacterial strains (Forsythe & Kunze, 2012). Increasingly, research is showing the importance of host microbiota composition and the bidirectional signaling pathways between the brain and the gut: some of which are epigenetic. These studies elucidate the profound impacts that signaling pathways, such as short-chain fatty acid mediated effects, nucleomodulins, and other bacterial metabolites, can have on health, behavior and cognition (Sommer & Backhed, 2013). It is now clear that diet-mediated epigenetic effects are important mechanisms in the etiology of numerous diseases (Choi & Friso, 2010). Furthermore, artificial drugs that can act on these epigenetic pathways could

One of the diseases that appear most with the adoption of this diet is Coronary artery disease, which is defined as the condition of the arteries. People who have chosen the animal based diet are more prone to this disease because they ingest a lot more dietary cholesterol that tends to stay in the blood stream causing a buildup in cholesterol. A study that was performed in India tested mice and how manipulated casein levels (5% and 10%) affected an aflatoxin diet, this study revealed that higher casein levels had a higher rate of liver cancer than those with lower levels. Colin Campbell repeated this study, but added onto the experiment by recording the appearance of liver cancer in a diet that had a fluctuating casein level (5% to 10%), which yielded similar results when compared to the study done in India. Esselstyn also performed an experiment where he initially started with 24 ill patients but ended with 18 due to some dropping out. His experiment’s result also support that plant based diets are more beneficial to humans in a sense that they are more nutritious and lowering their disease

Liver sections were stained in an Oil-Red-O solution to visualize lipid and structure. Using the Folch, method, livers, were homogenized in a 2:1 solution of chloroform and methanol and then mixed in assay buffer for colometric assay. Plasma was isolated from the blood using centrifuge. This was used to quantify HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels. Lung and skin sections were stained to observe the structure of collagen.

There are up to more than a billion diseases in the world, and we still have plenty more to discover, and one disease that can be deadly is Chronic Liver Disease. Chronic Liver Disease is a disease that destroys liver cells, and replaces them with “Scare Tissue”, which is a tissue that connects to the organ and creates a scar. In addition, Chronic Liver Disease has multiple stages, the final stage of Chronic Liver Disease is “Cirrhosis” moreover, cirrhosis damages and destroys

Overnutrition, specifically excessive consumption of fructose, is fundamental to NAFLD development10. Fructose metabolism, unlike glucose, occurs nearly exclusively in the liver and is preferentially selected for lipogenesis. The triglyceride production and storage that results from fructose ingestion is highly associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance11. This relevant finding is especially important to clinicians, as this modifiable risk factor may be easily addressed.

The World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) has recently declared NALFD as most common cause of liver disease. Obesity is an increasing problem not only in the UK but worldwide. An estimated 26% of the adults in the UK are considered to be obese 1, 2. Obesity induced metabolic syndrome may lead to NAFLD, which can progress to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), and in turn to advanced fibrosis and an increased risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 2, 3.

Liver disease commonly known as Non Alchoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is esstmated to be present in as much as 86% of everyone who suffer from severe obesity. If left untreated, it has the potential to damage thee liver and lead to the development of cirrhosis

Chronic liver diseases and liver biopsy. Chronic liver diseases encompass many different causes, including viral infections, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary hemochromatosis, and autoimmune disease. All of these precipitate chronic damage to the liver via necroinflammation and subsequent cellular injury and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins distorting the hepatic architecture by forming hepatic fibrosis with abnormal collagen deposition. Without treatment, the eventual development of cirrhosis (the end stage of fibrosis) can accelerate to hepatocellular dysfunction, hepatic insufficiency, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), thus

The Gastroenterological Society of Australia estimated that the annual cost for liver disease in 2012 was $50.7 billion in Australia for about 6.1 million patients (Amany Zekry et al 2013). Another study in the UK showed that the mortality from liver cirrhosis in Scotland more than doubled in men and increased by half in women (Leon and McCambridge 2006). In the US, estimates are 360 every 100000 subject diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and it is the most common cause of death with approximately 30000 deaths annually (Befeler and Di Bisceglie 2002; El-Serag and Mason 2000). This chapter will review the current understanding of normal hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, common causes of chronic liver injury and the associated pathophysiological hepatic cellular and inflammatory responses, as well as the progression of injury. Finally, it will outline the current available treatments, focusing on the use of cell

The number of Treg in Flt3-L-KO mice was reduced. Previous studies have shown that p-preDC FC induce generation of Treg which enhance HSC engraftment in an antigen-specific manner.7 To evaluate the role of Flt3-L on CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg, the percentages and

The progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis, the end-point of CLDs, is distinguished by a prolonged inflammatory and fibrogenic process that leads to an abnormal angioarchitecture distinctive for cirrhosis. Several mechanisms are responsible for the angiogenic switch during the pathogenesis of CLDs. First, CLDs are characterised by chronic inflammation. Increased intrahepatic vascular resistance is primarily caused by anatomical changes, such as fibrotic scar tissue compressing portal and central venules. In addition, the formation of fibrotic septa, as well as sinusoidal capillarisation, can result in an increased resistance to blood flow and oxygen delivery. This results in hypoxia and the transcription of hypoxia-sensitive pro-angiogenic

Characterized by progressive tissue injury and scarring, cirrhosis is among the leading causes of chronic liver failure in the United States. Recent research conducted by the National Institutes of Health indicated that the prevalence of cirrhosis, especially in clients diagnosed with Hepatitis C, has increased steadily throughout the past decade and will likely continue to increase in the future (Kanwal et al., 2011). Caused by recurrent tissue damage and inflammation, cirrhosis occurs as healthy hepatocytes (liver cells) are replaced by fibrotic and non-functional scar tissue through natural healing processes. Although liver tissue is normally very resilient, sustained injury eventually

Epigenetics can be hereditable or environmental factors that affect the expression of genes and lead to changes in gene expression. Unlike genetics, epigenetics does not only have to do with which genes are passed down to the offspring and the DNA sequence. The environmental conditions of the offspring’s parents impact the genes in their eggs and sperms by “switching on” certain genes and “switching of” others (Dowshen). Since the genes expression of the gametes are affect, the phenotypes of the offspring will change. Even in a person’s lifetime, environmental factors such as stress, chemical exposure, and diet can continue to impact gene expression through DNA methylation. During DNA methylation, a methyl group is randomly added to a 5-carbon cytosine ring, making 5-methylcytosine and these groups inhibit transcription. (Cheriyedath). Due the fact that transcription is not possible, the expressing of the genes in that section of the DNA strand will be suppressed. The attachment of the methyl group to DNA is not determined, which means that