As the hypothesis predicted, the rate and the duration of facial displays do influence the outcome of a contest between two male Betta splendens. In fact, it was found that the male which carried out more facial displays for longer was, on average, defined as the winner of a dyadic conflict.
The average results seem to reinforce this hypothesis, although a few results went against it (e.g., the fish in tank 13), which might have been due to some limitations of the experiment. The heater on the left side of the tank might have interfered with the response from the left fish as it consists in a physical object and might have reduced the attention of the fish especially during the first part of the experiment. This means that there might have
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Using threats without escalating to a more damaging offense might be a way of economising effort even though the signalling activities still require a significant amount of energy. However, studies show that the winning individuals are faster at producing energy, as their metabolic rates are faster than in losers, although this might also be because subordinate individuals consume less energy as they produce less facial displays. This is very important as they cannot show themselves as being superior (Nìdia Castro, Albert F.H. Ros, Klaus Becker and Rui F. Oliveira, 2006). Duration might be a greater determinant of dominance as it could require more energy than does the rate. Therefore, it could be thought that the fish on the left side of tank 13 might have won the fight as it spent less time in facial display against its mirror image thus saving energy, but studies show that energy costs are usually reflected the night after the contest as opposed to during the conflict (Nìdia Castro, Albert F.H. Ros, Klaus Becker and Rui F. Oliveira, 2006). In conclusion, energy costs from the first part of the experiment do not influence the fish versus fish …show more content…
Nonetheless, in the natural environment of Betta splendens the results might have been different as many external factors might alter the outcome. In fact, in the natural environment aggression is mainly used in order to get mating opportunities as the dominant male is seen as persisting whilst the subordinate flees. This conveys genetic superiority to a potential female mate and therefore suggests that they are breeding fighting fish and will be the best-fitted to defend the area around the nest (Doutrelanta C, McGregora PK, Oliveirab RF, 2001). Studies show that the agonistic behaviour of a Siamese fighting fish is influenced by the effect of an audience. With a female audience, males tend to show agonistic displays that are not so aggressive, as a recent study shows that females tend to prefer less aggressive individuals (Teresa L. Dzieweczynski, Alyssa M. Russell, Lindsay M. Forrette and Krystal L. Mannion, 2014). However, they tend to have more aggressive contact (e.g., biting) with their opponents in the presence of males, which eavesdrop on the display. The behavior of the fish might have also been influenced by the presence of a nest or of progeny in their territory as studies show that aggressiveness increases in males who need to defend nests
This lab was conducted with the purpose of confirming the trait of homeostasis among goldfish. During the experiment, it was recorded that the fish would increase gill movement when placed in colder water two out of the three trials. However, the results showed no significant difference in gill movement in various temperatures of water. This has very little effect on the broad field of science since our only three trials were performed and may have included human error in the trials.
13. Which of the following is not an expected response in a fish to a drop in water temperature?
When compared to a similar study, a similar conclusion was made. In a study conducted by Gerristen, he studied if Daphnia would experience a positive or a negative thermotactic reaction when exposed to a variety of different temperatures. Once the experiment was completed, Gerristen was able to conclude that the Daphnia did indeed experience a negative thermotactic reaction and swam away from the cold stimuli. He claimed that these results were due to the Daphnia’s natural instinct to seek warmer water (Gerristen 1982).
- To test this hypothesis my experimental approach would be testing different bodies of water or testing one and just testing different areas while tracking the fish.
At the conclusion of the experiment, the two hypotheses were reviewed. Because the water temperature did affect the normal respiration patterns of the goldfish, the null hypothesis was disregarded and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. From the results of this experiment, it was concluded that although other environmental factors could play
Evolutionary history effects more than just genetic behaviour level. It also effects how society socializes its members. Males –despite having the innate behaviors and perspectives on relationships— experience socialization that, in essence, reinforces gender differences in perspectives and behavior. From early childhood up until adulthood, the individual is bombarded with a plethora of advertisments that portray males as more aggressive (Henslin p. 78). In television male newscasters turn female athletes into sexual objects (78). And socialization is not limited to the media. It begins in the home –within the family. In an experiment performed by Goldberg and Lewis, Mothers were more less likely to keep their boys
AbstractIn this paper will discuss the sexual selection theory and gender role theory. Then, what are the main principles of each theory? Additionally, what position is taken by each theory on the origins, development, and causal mechanisms of aggression? Moreover, give an example of aggressive behavior that may be explained from the perspective of sexual selection and from the perspective of social role theory that is not covered in the reading. Furthermore, discuss at least on psychological phenomenon that may influence displays of aggressive behavior as explained by the sexual selection theory and the social role theory.
Human identification is one of the important part in forensic medicine. It consists of a series of steps to differentiate individuals and establish their identity. Forensic anthropology serves an important role in reconstructing the biological profile, taking into consideration its four main components: ancestry, age, stature as well as sex and despites having the same bones, male and female skeleton exhibit a number of differences (Lima et all, 2012). Sexual dimorphism is best describes as the difference based on phenotype characteristic between males and females of the same species. (Yesmin et all, 2011).
The research team identified that these little cavefish did indeed have an increased ability to detect movement in water when compared to stream fish and that the larger the cupulae, the greater the sensitivity in detecting movement. One would expect that the ability to detect movement would increase with experience thus with age but, this is clearly not the case amongst
Because males tend to value influential goals such as status among peers, they will typically use overt forms of aggression and gradually incorporate relational forms (Grotpeter & Crick, 1996). The choice of aggression could be linked to the social roles of males and females, the verbal maturity, or the social dynamics in peer relationships.
Explain how aggression is learned according to the Social Learning Theory proposed by Bandura & Todo, 2003).
A biology based theory on competitiveness is the ‘male dominance theory’. Developer of this theory, Steven Goldberg, presents in his book why the biological difference between men and women leads to ‘male domination’ (1993). This biological difference is mainly based to be found the difference in testosterone levels between men and women (Goldberg, 1993: 131). The level of testosterone would result in men having greater tendencies to be aggressive and a drive to dominate others. This ‘aggressive advantage’ would men also make more competitive and self –assertive. In combination this leads to men being more elicited to be dominant on average than women on average.
It was observed that dusky dolphins traveled in groups of 6-15 individuals. 20-30 of these small groups may be in a 100 square km area. These small groups suddenly stop moving when a school of fish is seen. Dolphins begin swimming around and underneath the school. They also leap at the sides of the school. Observations show that the group of dolphins herd the fish to the surface so they cannot escape. While the other dolphins maintain the bubble, one individual at a time will break ranks and collect up to five anchovies. They will then join back into the barrier and another dolphin will take its chance to eat. It was also observed that the group of dolphins did not feed for a long time. The average time spent feeding on one group was five minutes. Eventually that school of fish will escape and the group will move on and begin to hunt for some more fish for several
They also did some additional observations on captive cuttlefish which, in my opinion, may not be so reliable because it is known that behavior of animals can change substantially during captivity due to unrealistic social and physical surrounding of the individuals. What the scientists did during their observations was they followed a male cuttlefish and took photos of close encounters of the individual with other individuals. The photos were taken so that both sides the male’s body is visible in the photo. They also recorded the number of individuals within the social interaction group and their
During this projects it was tested to see how each fish would react to the water. Most of the fish in the dirty water have died, all but 2. More of the fish died in this tank then the normal water tank.