Factors Affecting Human Development During Phases Of Meiosis And Mitosis

Normal genes are dominant over those that are abnormal for most of the time- but sometimes the trait is dominant, when one parent carries one dominant abnormal gene and one recessive gene and the other parent carries two recessive normal gene’s each child has a 50/50 chance of inheriting the abnormal gene. Out of 1800 disorders that are generally recognized to be transmitted by dominant or achondroplasia (a type of dwarfism) and Huntington’s disease. While these defects can be serious defects that transmitted by dominant inheritance the reason for this is a dominant gene is likely at an early age the children who are affected are apt to die before reproducing, as a consequence the next generation will be the recipient of this defect and it

Sickle cell: One of the first inherited diseases to be unraveled at the level of DNA was sickle-cell anemia which is defined as abnormal, crescent-shaped red blood cells that results from a single change in the amino acid sequence of the cell's hemoglobin, which causes the cell to contort, especially under low-oxygen conditions. (medical dictionary, 2017) Also, called drepanocyte, meniscocyte. Also, this blood disorder mostly affects Africans and natives of the Mediterranean region are those who are affected by malaria. A single mutation in the gene for the blood protein hemoglobin can affect its ability to transport oxygen around the body. People who inherit two copies of the same mutation, one from each parent, have severe symptoms.

Trisomy 21, also known as nondisjunction, means that there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the cell and is the most common. Translocation occurs when there are two 21 chromosomes plus an extra piece of chromosome 21 that had attached itself to another chromosome during the division process. Those who have mosaic down syndrome contain an extra chromosome 21 in only some of their cells while others are unaffected. People with mosaic down syndrome tend to have milder physical features and intellectual abilities than those who have trisomy 21 and translocation down syndrome. According to Mark Selikowitz, maternal age is a significant factor in causing trisomy 21. When females are born, all the eggs that a woman will produce are already present. The eggs wait years, some longer than others to be released and it is during the wait period (some 20-40 years) that it is believed errors can occur. On the contrary, man’s sperm does not remain standing therefore less probability for error. Additionally, people with a family history of down syndrome and people who carry the genetic translocation are factors to consider whether the child would be at

Autosomal recessive inheritance is the third type known to cause muscular dystrophy, whereas both parents are carriers of the defective gene. For this reason the offspring have a 25% chance of being affected with both malformed genes, resulting in them being affected. The chance increases with cousin marriages.

* How is it possible for an offspring to exhibit a recessive trait if neither parent exhibited that

This happens when an affected parent has one recessive gene and one dominant gene whereas the other has two recessive genes, which allows two children to get two recessive genes meaning they will not be affected. Whereas the other two have one dominant gene meaning they will be affected by the disease.

discoveries is information regarding chromosomal and genetic disorders. Both chromosomal and genetic ailments can have harmful effects on the body. Genetic diseases such as Bloom's Syndrome occur as a result of gene alterations. These gene mutations cause the chromosomes to become unstable, leading to chromosomal breaks, separations and structural repositioning (Freivogel 170). Chromosomal diseases like Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease are also caused by mutations, which are nearly irreversible (Krajewski 232).

Genetic disorders come in various forms. Some can be caused by mutations of the genes or chromosomes while others can be caused by a process called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes during meiosis do not separate correctly and the daughter cells receive too much or too little genetic information. Klinefelter's is caused by nondisjunction which results in an extra X chromosome being present in a male.

Meiosis, the process of cell division in creating sex cells, is what plays into Duchenne. When a sperm cell meets an egg cell, that cell has a 50% to gain traits from the mom’s x chromosome, and 100% probability to gain traits from the dad’s y chromosome. Duchenne is a genetically inherited mutation from the x chromosome; which means during meiosis, at least one of the mom’s chromosome had to have been carrying the mutation. The child has a 50% chance of developing

Autosomal dominant patterns is one way that a disorder can be passed down through members of the families, which essentially means that if one inherits the abnormal gene from one parent, then there is a greater chance that you are capable of obtaining this disease. Though the recessive and dominant disorder may both be caused by mutations in the genetic code on the X chromosomes, there’s a difference between both disorders. In the recessive disorder, females in particular are mostly likely to cause the disorder itself, because females contains mutations in one of the two copies of the genes in each cell. While the males would have to have a mutation within only one copy of the gene in each cell to sufficiently cause the disorder. However in the dominant disorder females would have to obtain a mutation that would have to be exposed in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. While the males that has one altered copy of the gene in each cell can also cause the

Maternal inheritance is also a non-Mendelian style of inheritance because maternal inheritance is the inheritance of mitochondrial genes from the mother of the offspring and not the father. This is a form of extranuclear inheritance and the offspring does not receive genes from both parents so it is not Mendelian inheritance.

From Cystic Fibrosis to Down’s Syndrome and Sickle Cell Anemia, there are tens of thousands of genetic disorders, with many more to be discovered. The fascinating thing about genetic disorders is that when we were born it’s a gamble whether or not we would come into this world with a genetic disorder. Although genetic disorders are quite rare and we take being born without one as granted, there are many out there that live with these disorders everyday. My research paper will focus on the specificalities of a few genetic disorders, the disorders presented in my paper are Marfan Syndrome, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell Anemia. My paper will encompass important specifics

This aneuploidy could be a result in a nondisjunction even within the gametogenesis of the mother or the father. An egg from the mother may have gained an extra X chromosome from chromosomes failing to separate during independent assortment or a X and a Y chromosome may have been present within the sperm of the father. Either of these may have occurred though it is more common to have a non-disjunction event on the maternal side.

As a result, the missing chromosome can cause over 50 abnormalities that include: Anderman syndrome, Angelman syndrome, ataxia neuropathy spectrum, Bloom syndrome, breast cancer, Marfan syndrome, Prada-Willis syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and a lot more, depending on which gene is affected. Generally, the most common observable behaviors are: intellectual disability, seizures, psychiatric disorders, distinctive facial features and moodiness. Of particular interest is Angelman syndrome which is also a sex-linked disorder. But regardless of the source of inheritance, this disorder can be observed as any of the above listed behaviors or medical

Mendelian-inherited disorder; Allelic and locus heterogeneity within families lends up to a 50% direct risk of