Factors Affecting Pacific Oysters

Outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans may occur in epidemic extents after the consumption of mussels, clams, scallops or shellfish. This occurs because the relation to previous sporadic and unpredictable blooms of toxic protista passing their toxin via the food web to marine filter feeders, such as mollusks where the toxin accumulates in high concentrations in the digestive gland, hepatopancreas without harming the vector animal. A natural source caused many incidents where the problem was paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), and these victims had to be rushed to a medical facility. The most frequently reported foodborne disease of chemical nature in the United States is PSP. It just so happens that most of the cases are from southeastern Florida and Hawaii.

One of the most serious diseases that can spread in this manner is the Crawfish Plague, more prevalent among North American species. However, the North American species are simply carriers of the disease. This disease is caused by a fungus that is lethal to other types of crawfish including Australian and Eurasian. Therefore, avoid putting crawfish from different continents or regions in the same container. On the same breath, avoid sharing equipment such as nuts and buckets when working with different types of crawfish.

CDC receives reports of over 400 Vibrio illnesses each year. Of those, about 90 per year are due to V. vulnificus. Most V. vulnificus illness occurs during warm-weather months. Individual can contract V. vulnificus found in oysters and other shellfish in warm coastal waters during the summer months. Since it is naturally found in warm marine waters, people with open wounds can be exposed to V. vulnificus through direct contact with seawater, shellfish, and marine wildlife. (CDC,

Scientists have studied the impact of water borne pathogens over time. Just how dependent human life is on the waterways is one such question which arises. The study involves the effect of such pathogens on human life. This study was narrowed down to the area of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay each weekend is occupied for recreational use. Such activities as swimming, fishing, and body surfing are common place. Normally each year thousands of pounds of seafood are distributed from out of the bay. There is a vast amount of people who come to visit the area each year.

The three viruses identified were Piscine Reovirus (PRV), Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) and Salmon Alphavirus. Piscine Reovirus shows symptoms of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Cardiomyopathy syndrome. All fish do not show this symptom. Infectious Salmon Anemia can cause loss of appetite, abnormal swimming, graying gills etc. Salmon alphavirus symptoms change and get worse over time. Symptoms include visible lesions and tissue abnormality. These three viruses are extremely deadly to fish.

From each location three separate samples will be gathered from about fifty yards away from each other in order to obtain more reliable results and limit variability. Theses samples will be gathered the same day in order to limit the error in testing due to changes in the weather. We will first test the water samples from the Middle Patuxent River in order to provide the base for our results. These results will be the healthy sample that is not at risk for an outbreak. We will make a standard curve for each test using the three samples from this location for each test. Then we will repeat each of the tests from the samples from the Inner Harbor. We will then compare these results to a standard curve created from the Middle Patuxent

Aside from butterflies, we have the Northern Beach Tiger beetle which is a tiny, sand colored beetle that lives on sandy beaches throughout the middle and lower Chesapeake Bay (Chesapeake Bay Program).

Harley, D, Sleigh, A & and Ritchie, S 2011, ‘Ross river virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 909-932, doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001

The SEA Phage Project is a national project that keeps in account of different phage discoveries across the country. This research course for the two semester starts with digging up soil to find rare and similar phages (http://seaphages.org/). Started by the Howard Hughes Medical, it helps students get the experience of being in an advance lab session and also helps with advancing in their science career of their choice in genome annotation and bioinformatic analysis (http://seaphages.org/). The program requires a set of protocols used into completing this research. Its components are 1. Isolation, purification and amplification, 2. Bioinformatic and genomic features (Poxleitner, M, et al). The purpose of this research is to learn different lab techniques and experience a real- life lab work that is able to stay with students and use it for future references.

Yes, My crew and I have just discovered the source of this sickness. The main causes of disease spread are the trade ships. On them are

Every year millions of sheep are exported from the Fremantle port to the Middle East. The animals that die on the way are disposed overboard. Alexia Wellbelove from the Humane Society International has analyzed the five fatal shark attacks over the ten months of 2011-2012. She found there to be a correlation with multiple attacks and recent livestock exportations. In many cases within a few days of live export vessels docking into or leaving Fremantle there was a shark attack.12 It has been theorized that this presence of increased animal carcasses in the ocean draws a larger number than perhaps is natural of large sharks, ie great white sharks and other sharks such as tiger sharks, to an area. Now as there are more sharks in an area there may be less food on which they can prey and so they become more opportunistic. This then increases the likelihood of a shark to attack a human, potentially mistaken as a seal, because of the limited food sources as a result of a high density of sharks in one

In Canada, the Grand Banks habitat is in “environmental degradation” (Connor and Taitano) due to bottom trawlers tearing up the sea floor displacing and destroying the vegetation at the seafloor and therefore disrupting the habitat of the small fish the cod prey upon (Connor and Taitano). Bottom trawls also disrupt the “breeding patterns of the cod.. Damaging fertilized eggs.. And greatly reducing the amount of young born” (Connor and Taitano). In the United States, the Gulf of Maine provides evidence of a loss of the young and old cod due to predation (Connor). Farming atlantic cod, like many fisheries are doing to replenish the atlantic salmon populations, have resulted in a breakout of the disease Yersiniosis (Connor and Taitano).The disease affects the fish’s intestinal tract before spreading throughout its body. The mortality rate with this disease is low, about 5%, however the illness prevents the affected cod from being sold at a market due to health violations (Connor and

of which 25 occured in 2015 (Palumbo, 2015). Public health investigators used the PulseNet system which is a national laboratory that helps connect foodborne illness cases to detect outbreaks. In the “About PulseNet” article, the system compares DNA fingerprints of bacteria from infected people to find disease that might represent unrecognized outbreaks (Center for Disease and Control Prevention, 2016). Salmonella is responsible for about a million cases of foodborne illnesses in the U.S. This also include about 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths (Almasy, 2016). The source of the outbreak came from Paramount Farms which “laboratory testing isolated the outbreak strains of Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Senftenberg”, (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2016). Paramount Farms is the the location where the Wonderful brand pistachios are grown. The outbreak could have been prevented by the use of superheated steam (SHS) at Paramount Farms. Superheated steam is vapor heated to extremely high temperatures. This can be generated by the heating of saturated steam obtained from boiling water. SHS treatment has been shown to be a “promising alternative technology for the tree nuts industry by improving inactivation of foodborne pathogens,[such as E.coli, Salmonella and L.monocytogenes], on almonds and pistachios while simultaneously reducing processing time” (Ga-Hee and Dong-Hyun, 2016).

a parisite that infects the oyster most commenly at one years of age. they also face

Pearls come from mollusks they are a group of animals that includes oysters, clams, and mussels, among others. Any mollusk that has a shell can make pearls, the most common pearl-makers are oysters. Pearls have a history in Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Roman, Greek, Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilisations. Pearls have been used and collected for more than 4000 years, this makes them have the title of the world 's oldest gem in the world.