Factors Affecting The First Phase Occurs

Brain Injury, also know as TBI. Concussions cause the brain or skull to shake, bounce or twist the

Brain trauma can cause a build -up of abnormal types of protein called tau, which slowly kills brain cells. Once started, these changes in the brain appear to continue and

From that a huge risk factor is motor vehicle accidents. Falling is seen a lot in children and from that fall risk is seen as a risk factor for children to receive concussions.

Traumatic brain injury is any damage caused to the brain. Individuals with TBI may show aphasia-like symptoms, yet the characteristics of TBI include mostly cognitive processes deficits. Those characteristics include disrupt orientation, attention, memory, visual processing, and executive functions problems. Penitents with TBI experience a blackout that can last anywhere between a few minutes up to months and usually wake up confused and disoriented. They do not have any recollection of the events that occurred. In addition to the common characteristics mentioned earlier, TBI patients exhibit communication deficits that relate to poor cognitive functioning such as problems with word finding, grammatical, spelling, reading, and writing. The cause of TBI is very straightforward, unlike SLI or ASD. Any injury to the head, for example motor vehicle accidents, falls, blast trauma, and more, can cause a TBI. These in turn can cause damage to multiple areas of the brain and impair motor, speech, language, and cognitive functions as discussed. It is important to note that unlike ASD that usually

The review study written by Barkhoudarian et al explored the pathophysiology of concussive brain injury in young athletes. Sport-related concussions cause diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or white matter shearing injury (Barkhoudarian et al., 2011; Wozniak et al., 2007). They disrupt the axonal membrane leading to a disrupted normal ionic crossing and increased calcium influx. This flow of calcium not only causes mitochondrial-swelling leading to possible apoptosis but also prevents microtubular function (Halstead et al., 2010; Barkhoudarian et al., 2011). All these factors together can prevent axonal transport and form axonal blebs (Figure 6), hence altering the

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) has continually garnered concern from the public. Effects of a TBI range from headaches to loss of motor functions in more severe cases. Normally when one hears that term, their first thought is about military personnel in a war zone. Now, that is definitely true; however, military personal are not the only ones who can receive a TBI. Anyone can suffer damage to the brain resulting in a TBI. A person’s head doesn’t even have to come into contact with another object for this to occur.

The origin of the pathophysiology of CTE can be quite complex, so other forms of traumatic brain injury have

It is also unclear if it is the brain injury itself that causes the result and if it is the same for healthy people.

TBI?s cause an altercation of the brain function because of external force. Dr. Robert Lehr mentions that depending on what part of the brain the injury occurred it can lead to a variety of altercations in the brain function. If the injury occurred in the frontal lobes, patients will have difficulties

Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. “Traumatic brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue” (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating head injuries such as a gunshot wound. As reported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation,” The severity of traumatic brain injuries is often assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, with scores ranging from 3 to 15. The higher the score,

Different biological cascades brought on by repeated head trauma are presumed to be the cause for these anatomical changes in the brain. Ischemic changes, vascular damage, and axonal destruction that are experienced in a head injury generate a chain of events that disrupt the normal neuronal cytoskeletal metabolism, resulting in a buildup of these

1. TBI is a complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. The clinical situation is various, sometimes unpredictable and out of control. However, in the experimental models of TBI, the type and severity of injury can be manipulated and standardized. So there is a gap between the basic research and clinical treatment.

According to Kim (2011) there were three factors that repeatedly contributed to poor outcomes in TBI patients, which included older age, severe injury classification, and any episode of hypoxia. In addition to these the how the injury occurred was also a primary factor, along with alcohol use at the time of injury and altered lab values (glucose, sodium, hemoglobin, etc.). Finally, Kim (2011) notes that the Marshall CT Classification is highly predictive of TBI

Over the last 10 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has worked to raise awareness of concussions and head injuries. In fact at least 1.7million traumatic brain injuries or TBI’s occur each year, with older adults and adolescents as the most vulnerable population ("Nursing : A Concept-based", 2015, p.696).We now know that a hit or a strike to the head can have long term effects on cognition, physical, and psychological skills. The major causes of TBI include falls, vehicle accidents, sports concussions, and violence. Early identification of a TBI is important to ensure proper treatment and prevent secondary injuries to the brain.

*What is the most common cause of hospital admissions for trauma in older people? Falls.