Factors Contributing For Public Organizations

In extension to police corruption forming a major cause of corruption to the U.S. there is more corruption to keep track of and it is public corruption.

Corruption can take many forms and can be found in many countries, but mainly in the emerging ones. The main form of corruption is the bribery in the form of payments demanded by the government or ministry officials in exchange for a favor (granting a service, awarding a business).Corruption affects all the businesses that interfere with the government, but studies have shown that certain industries are more exposed to it. These industries are construction, airline manufacturing, power plants, and oil and gas production.

Corruption and money go hand in hand. Money is a motivating factor for corruption, and the transfer of money or other special benefits often finances corruption.

Public services and public sector organisations, including voluntary sector, are all funded by the central government, which has a significant role to play. Many of the benefits of local transformation will accrue to central government departments such as the Department for Work and Pensions and Ministry of Justice. Furthermore, these departments need to consider the outcomes they want to achieve and the price they are willing to pay for them if localities take the lead. The Budget sets out an opportunity for government to build on the economic devolution achieved so far and focus on how public services could be commissioned and delivered locally to achieve better outcomes (Smith, 2015).

Corruption has been seen as a major obstacle of rapid economic growth and development. It is a complex phenomenon whose roots lay in political and bureaucratic institutions and affects the economic growth of different countries. It makes the governments intervene where they do not need to, and it weakens the ability of the government to enact and implement policies in areas in which government intervention is needed. Over the years, the dispute of the economic consequences of corruption on economic growth has been a topic of analysis. The analysis is focused on the effect of corruption on economic growth. Several studies have generally found a negative correlation between corruption, economic growth, inequality, governance, income distribution and business environment. At the same time also some positive correlation with economic growth has been found to exist.

All organizations strive to streamline operations, which in turn should lead to saving money. Fighting the wasting of resources should be a top priority for any government entity and particularly for supervisors, managers, and executives. In the public sector this is particularly true because the citizens in effect supply the resources wasted. The public trust should not be abused by careless or needless spending. However, because of the bureaucratic nature of any government agency, some waste cannot readily be avoided. The laws and regulations that have been duly enacted to secure justified expenditures in and of themselves can cause waste.

Supervision should be planned and adopted to the changing conditions. It calls for good planning and organization.

It seems more difficult to change the regime. This is the source of corruption. When one class of society strives to better themselves and succeed in doing so, it causes corruption.

Next, is administrative responsibility? Simply put this is a shared responsibility between public officials. Our officials need to determine a way in order lead without division of said responsibilities. This should be performed collectively and not just individually.

* Expenses - Information about the major costs of providing services to the public, fund-raising, and general and administrative costs.

Corruption can be distinguished regarding to where it happens: at the political or management levels of the public sector, or in the private sector between customer and supplier. It can be identified regarding

Public Administration exist to provide services to the peoples. Therefore people have rights to know how their tax money would be spend, what happen to the budgett allocate to Public Administration by government and who is taking responsibilities over any action or planned carried out by the public sectors.

Bangladesh is a developing country of southeast Asia. It is a country with a population of more than 150 million people. The government system is parliamentary government system. Bureaucracy is a important part of the government which works for the efficient and effective policy Implementation. Now a days corruption is seen every where in the society and for this bureaucracy can 't work properly. In this paper,l will try to find out the relationship between bureaucracy and corruption; try to find solution of this problem.

2.2 Limitation to grand corruption One of the most famous typologies of corruption analysed in anti-corruption research is that of grand18 and petty corruption, although no international or national legal instruments provides expressly for this distinction. Thus, there is no legal definition for the term „grand corruption‟, with the effect that the concept and its prerequisites remain controversial.19 2.2.1 Qualitative element: powerful high-level authority Originally,20 the level of authority where corruption takes place has exclusively determined the distinction between grand and petty corruption. Whilst grand corruption takes place at the policy formulation end of politics, thus at the highest levels of political authority, petty corruption, also labelled as bureaucratic or administrative corruption, occurs in the public administration, at the implementation end of politics. For instance, payments to mid- and low-level government officials, such as police or immigration officers, demanding bribes constitute petty corruption. Beyond controversy, high-level authorities encompass prominent figures such as heads of States, heads of governments and ministers. However, the precise scope of high-level authority remains subject to debate.21 2.2.2 Quantitative element: large-scale corruption Increasingly, authors focus also on quantitative aspects to draw a line between grand and petty corruption.22 Typically, grand corruption is committed on a large scale and involves 18 The term „grand corruption‟ was first used by Moody-Stuart in The Good Business Guide to Bribery (TI 1994). He defined it as „the misuse of public power by heads of State, ministers, and top officials for private pecuniary profit.‟; Jayawickrama N „Corruption - A Violation of Human Rights?‟ available at http://resources.transparency.bg/download.html?id=219 (accessed 26 October 2013). 19 On the differentiation between grand and petty corruption, see Mashali B „Analyzing the relationship between perceived grand corruption and petty corruption in developing countries: case study of Iran‟ (2012) 78 International Review of Administrative Sciences 777 et seq. 20 Moody-Stuart (note 18) based his concept merely on the hierarchy of the perpetrator

A Report for the Honorable Mayor, City Council, & Board of Directors of an African Country