Factors Of Feminist Cancer

The facts of the case were reviewed. In 2015, Ms. Heigle was diagnosed with breasts carcinoma, and had surgery in October 2015. Ms. Heigle has had radiation and some seromas. She was prescribed Tamoxifen, and in May 2016, Ms. Heigle had a hysterectomy.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in American women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). However, regular screening and mammograms can help reduce the mortality rates of breast cancer patients (LaPorta, et al., 2017). Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include lumps, abnormal changes to the nipple, abnormal discharge from the nipple, or change in color of the breast or part of the breast (Asuquo and Olajide, 2015). There are many factors that can put women at risk of developing breast cancer, the two most common being growing older and being female (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Other risk factors can include things such as a

There is a lack of collective focus regarding the recommendation of estrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each client’s lifestyle (Beckmann, 2014). Hormone therapy combination, dose and length of therapy as well as the client’s medical history all impact onset of malignancy, but the

To grow and reproduce, breast cancer cells require the female hormone estrogen. Tamoxifen is an "anti-estrogen" and works by competing with estrogen to bind to estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen is formally known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). By blocking estrogen in the breast, tamoxifen helps slow the growth and reproduction of breast cancer cells. While tamoxifen fights estrogen in breast cancer cells, it also mimics the positive effects of estrogen in other body systems. Post-menopausal women who take tamoxifen may decrease their risk of heart disease or osteoporosis (a degenerative bone disease) without having to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT ).

Breast cancer is a popular disease that many people are afraid of. It is the growth of altered genes that create malignant tumors starting in a female or male’s breast tissue. Cancer has a reputation of being caused by hormones, but that may not always be the case. Hormones are chemicals that work as chemical messengers in the body and affect the duties of cells and tissues. The ovaries in premenopausal and postmenopausal women usually produce the hormones, like estrogen and progesterone. The hormone estrogen develops and maintains the female sex features and progesterone have to do with women 's menstrual cycle and pregnancy. In a breast cancer cell, it

It has been suggested that endometriotic lesions release factors which are detrimental to gametes or embryos, or, alternatively, endometriosis may more likely develop in women who fail to conceive for other reasons and thus be a secondary phenomenon; for this reason it is preferable to speak of endometriosis-associated infertility.

2. Herzog, T. J., Armstrong, D. K., Brady, M. F., Coleman, R. L., Einstein, M. H., Monk, B. J., . . . Alvarez, R. D. (2014). Ovarian cancer clinical trial endpoints: Society of Gynecologic Oncology white paper. Gynecologic Oncology,132(1), 8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.11.008

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. In 2008, more than one million women underwent a diagnostic evaluation for suspected breast cancer. Approximately 182,500 women of the more than one million that received an evaluation also received a positive diagnosis (Montgomery, 2010). Risk factors linked to Breast Cancer include: gender, age, family history, prior breast cancer, previous biopsy, race and ethnicity, breast density, and long menstrual history because of prolonged hormonal stimulation. Modifiable related risk factors also include hormone replacement therapy, alcohol, weight, and physical

Future studies will involve testing tamoxifen toxicity in primary mammary gland organoids, which can provide further insight of tamoxifen toxicity in a more complex three dimensional environment and a better representation and understanding of human in vivo

The most common subtype is a well-differentiated carcinoma (grade 1 or 2 endometrioid histology) that behaves in an indolent fashion, causes bleeding symptoms in its early stages, and is curable in most cases. Risk factors for this low-risk subtype are well known and are related to an increase in circulating estrogens: obesity, chronic anovulation and nulliparity, estrogen replacement therapy (unopposed by progesterone), and tamoxifen use. PTEN gene mutation in 30 -80% of cases

New medical studies have shown that hormonal therapy is helpful in stopping the spread of breast cancer to other areas of the body. Also, it helps to eliminate tumors in the

Excess exposure to exogenous estrogen is a major cause of EC, which can be through unopposed estrogen therapy, use of tamoxifen, and phytoestrogens.20,21,22 Systemic estrogen therapy such as oral tablets, vaginal rings, and patches have been found to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or EC.21 Estrogen replacement after menopause have also being found to cause an increased risk when not adequately countered with progesterone replacement.21 Prospective cohort and case control studies have demonstrated an association between these sources and EC, with the dose and duration of use implicated in the increased incidence (RR range: 1.1 to 15 ). In a prospective study between 1996 to 2001, about 716,738 postmenopausal women were recruited to examine their use of replacement therapy and EC risk, there was increased risk of EC in women on estrogen only therapy(1.45 [1.02-2.06]; p=0.04), and reduced risk in those with cyclic combined therapy (relative risk 0.71 [95% CI 0.56-0.90]; p=0.005), when compared to women who have never used hormonal replacement therapy.20

In 2007 , Chan, John K. MD; Urban, Renata MD(1988-2006) published a paper on Ovarian Cancer Rates After Hysterectomy With and Without Salpingo-Oophorectomy and it shows that age-standardized rates of ovarian or peritoneal cancer were 26.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 16–37.5) for those with hysterectomy alone, 22.8 (95% CI 0.0–46.8) for hysterectomy and unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and 3.9 (95% CI 1.5–6.4) for hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The removal of both ovaries decreases the incidence of ovarian and peritoneal cancers. Removal of one ovary might also decrease the incidence of ovarian cancer 16

Breast cancer accounts for one third of all new cancer diagnoses in the United States (Cauley, et al., 2007). The first sign in the process of this disease is a lump that forms around the breasts. For this reason, it is necessary to get the yearly mammograms once a woman reaches a certain age. Also, monthly self-examinations can aid in finding breast cancer early. If this condition is found early enough, chances of survival are abundant. Most women who get breast cancer are older than 50 with 86% of the deaths occurring in this age group (Cauley, et al., 2007). Postmenopausal women have a higher risk for breast cancer, because the risk increases when levels of endogenous estradiol rise (Cauley, et al., 2007). Breast cancer is the most common cancer that occurs in women. This epidemic has a higher incidence rate among white women than in African American women, but African American women have a higher mortality rate (Breast Cancer Risk Factors, 2010). White women are more apt to develop this disease than any other ethnicity. However, in women under 45, breast cancer is more common in African American women (Breast Cancer Risk Factors, 2010).

Breast cancer (BC) is a world health problem which is known to be the second most deadly malignancy in women (Veronesi et al., 2005;Alvarez.,2010;DeSantis et al., 2014). In 2010, annually worldwide 115 million patients have breast cancer resulting in 410,000 deaths (Kennecke et al., 2010) according to world cancer research fund international in 2012 nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed. This represents about 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. (Ferlay J et al., 2012 ). In 2014 Egypt represent the highest rates in the Middle East and North Africa around 18%.