Factors That Affect The Consumption Of Vitamins And Crime Rates

Akers & Sellers (2013) noted that there are various common theories that are pertinent to the study of crime as the extents of crime explanations range from the genetic/biological through to the economic and social perspective. Howitt (2012) divided these theories into four categories: macro-level or societal theories; locality or community level theories; group and socialisation influence theories; and individual level theories. This essay first describes the major theories of crime in the discussion section, which also discusses the impacts of crime at the individual and societal level, followed by conclusion based on the previous discussion.

The issues that were involved in the violation of the ethical principles involving human subjects include racism, paternalism, informed consent, truth telling, scientism, and whistle blowing. There were other issues that were involved in this study: double standards, maleficence, and the use of deception in research among others. The issue of racism was seen clearly in this study. Four hundred black persons were infected and two hundred served as a control group. Caucasians were not enrolled in this study. This was a violation of justice because the subjects were not treated

One criticism of this research is that it is correlational. Therefore, we cannot infer a causal

Researchers have studied the correlation between birth defects and tobacco. Correlation is not about cause and effect but rather how a relationship between two variables works

The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the type of music a person listens to and his crime rate (p < .05).

Furthermore Polit and Beck (2006) adds that some researchers will refer this as the purpose of the study however, either way the introduction should at least generally indicate to the reader what is to be studied. The researchers have stated the funders of the research, which is funded research by Department of Health, which could suggest to be biased politically, however the motive is difficult to frame.

For example, one of the most cited causes of the decrease of crime rate is the booming economy at the time. Those who claimed the economy was the reason for the decline said that lower unemployment rate led to criminals not having to rely on unlawful actions. Levitt brought up statistics on the unemployment rate and decline in nonviolent crime. Levitt said, “studies have shown that a one percentage point decrease in the unemployment rate accounts for one percent drop in crime.” However in the 1990’s the drop in the unemployment rate was 2 percentage points accompanied by roughly forty percent drop in crime. Which is significantly disproportionate to the current statistics. Instead of the one to one ration it was one to forty. He also brought up another important flaw to the theory. According to Levitt, “homicide fell at a greater rate during the 1990’s than any other sort of crime, and a number of reliable studies have shown virtually no link between the economy and violent crime.” This means the drop in unemployment rate had little to no effect on the crime

In chapter 4 the chapter considers a variety of possible explanations for the significant drop in crime and crime rates that occurred in the 1990s. Based on articles that appeared in the country’s largest newspapers, the authors compile a list of the leading, commonly offered explanations. The next step is to systematically examine each explanation and consider whether available data support the explanation. What the authors, in fact, demonstrate is that in all but three cases–increased reliance on prisons, increased number of police, and changes in illegal drug markets–correlation was erroneously interpreted as causation and in some cases, the correlation wasn’t even that strong.

The aim of this essay is to compare, contrast and evaluate two sociological theories of crime causation and two psychological theories of crime causation.

For this week’s research assignment, the class was asked to review one of two articles. I chose Gottfredson and Soule’s article “The timing of property crime, violent crime, and substance use among juveniles (2005). The authors wanted to further examine if there was a correlation in delinquent time through various hours throughout the day. More specifically, they wanted to narrow down the crimes into specific groups, which were: property crimes, violent crimes and substance use among the juvenile population. In examining this article, we will focus on the research design that was utilized, data-gathering strategy, sampling method, dependent/independent variables, and the findings of the study that was embarked upon.

Interrogating construct validity, how well the variables in the study were manipulated and measured, is also essential when dealing with causal claims (Morling, 2012). Again, because so little information from the methods section was addressed in Bergland's (2014) article, readers cannot validate the construct validly of the study. It would have been

The reason that the title "Vitamins cause crime" is wrong is because of a few reasons. The title is said as if the only thing that causes crimes are vitamins and nothing else. Also the article may not be replicated by other studies to prove that vitamins are a cause for crime. People could also fall for the illusory correlation, where people see a statistical association that may not exist. By using a double blind experiment, there would not be a worry about confirmation bias from the researcher and the subject would not change his or her expectations because he is blind to the experiment. The subjects would be put into two random groups and would either get the vitamin or not. The researcher would not know either who is getting the vitamins

The effects of crime on victim can have a mixed feeling about making a victim impact statement. They may want to tell the judge or parole hearing officer how the crime affected their life and yet they may be anxious because you don't know how to prepare an impact statement or you don't want to bring back bad memories by describing how the crime has hurt you. The victim impact statements may include descriptions of:

Many theories of crime are macro theories, which are used to explain crime based on a large group of people or society. While macro theories are the predominant type of theory used to explain crime, there are also a variety of “individual”, or micro, factors which are equally important. Two such individual factors s are maternal cigarette smoking (MCS) and cognitive ability, or Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Poverty and the relationship it has to crime is a long standing sociological, humanists and historical phenomenon. From the plight of the third world to the violence soaked inner city streets of the 1980’s, the relationship of crime and poverty has been the source of a great deal of social commentary. In societies throughout the world and throughout history there has always been a traditional measure of deviance through relative income gaps. Both poverty and crime as well as their connections are heavily weighed topics of political and social discourse. Opinions in these areas contain a great deal of variance. The prejudices of the old guard from the professional police era still utilize association with poverty as a measuring stick for social deviance. Meanwhile, intelligent social science continues to give insight to factors such as social disorganization, socialization into violence, as well as, the far reaching impact political, economic and justice based policies have on those in poverty.