Factors That Affect The Food Intake Lose Weight

Normally the level of glucose in the body rises after a person eats a meal. This rise in blood glucose stimulates the beta cells to release insulin. Insulin then either helps body cells take up glucose to use as energy or promotes the conversation of glucose to fat, which are used by the cells later. Some glucose maybe stored in the liver this is called glycogen. Then the level of glucose drops (usually several hours after the meal has been eaten), other cells in the pancreas stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose and its release into the bloodstream. In this way, the level of glucose in the bloodstream stays relatively constant until the next meal is eaten.

After we eat, our bodies release insulin, a hormone that offsets an increase in blood glucose by increasing the intake of glucose by cells. When people have consumed little to no nutrients for several hours, our bodies secrete glucagon. Glucagon helps maintain the homeostasis of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of storage glycogen and the secretion of glucose to the blood and rest of the body.

The organs involved include the liver, muscle, fat cells, liver, alpha and beta cells of the pancreas, GI tract, kidney, and brain. While the liver and muscle ideally increase glucose uptake in the fed state when insulin levels are high, with type 2 diabetes this is impaired. To further exacerbate the hyperglycemic condition, the liver not only fails to properly exhibit glucose uptake, but it actually over produces more glucose and thereby creates a cycle of glucose accumulation and further production. While this is occurring in the muscle and liver, fat cells have accelerated lipolysis. The lipolysis results in an increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), which then in-turn impairs both first and second phase insulin secretion and can lead to excess fat deposition in the liver and muscle, contributing further to impaired insulin production. At the GI tract, gastric inhibitory polypeptide becomes resistant and loss of GLP-1 occurs. With impaired GLP-1, insulin resistance is again further enabled and hyperglycemia can become more profound. This occurs because glucagon suppression from the pancreatic alpha cells post meal does not occur as it would under normal circumstances, thereby enabling even more hepatic glucose production. While theories are not completely conclusive, insulin resistance in the hypothalamus may contribute to excess intake thereby contributing to additional glucose in the circulation. Finally, the kidney also plays a role in glucose dysregulation as it increases glucose reabsorption. All of these discussed mechanisms ultimately contribute to hyperglycemia and chronic hyperglycemia itself contributes to impaired beta cell function (DeFronzo,

Diabetes type 2 is a condition in which blood sugar levels are too high. After eating foods that contain carbohydrates, chemicals in the small intestine break down the carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules called glucose. The cell lining of the small intestine absorbs the glucose, which then passes into the bloodstream. When the blood reaches the pancreas, beta cells in the pancreas detect the rising glucose levels. To reduce the glucose level, beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream. As the blood circulates through the body, the insulin and glucose exit the bloodstream into tissue to reach the body’s cells. Most cells of the body have certain receptors on their surface that bind to the circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key in a lock to open up the cell so that the circulating glucose can get inside the cell. The cell can use the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. If a person has insulin resistance, insulin cannot unlock the cells to let glucose in because the locks, called receptors, are abnormal and/or missing. As a result, glucose is locked out of the cells. The amount of glucose builds up in the bloodstream in a condition called hyperglycemia. To compensate for hyperglycemia, the pancreas produces more and more insulin. Overworked beta cells try to keep with the demand, but gradually lose their ability to produce enough insulin.

Diabetes type 2 is a condition in which blood sugar levels are too high. After eating foods that contain carbohydrates, chemicals in the small intestine break down the carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules called glucose. The cell lining in the small intestine absorb the glucose, which then passes into the bloodstream. When the blood reaches the pancreas, beta cells inside the pancreas detect the rising glucose levels. To reduce the glucose level, beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream. As the blood circulates through the body, the insulin and glucose exit the bloodstream into tissue to reach the body’s cells. Most cells of the body have certain receptors on their surface that bind to the circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key in a lick to open up the cell so that the circulating glucose can get inside the cell. The cell can use the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. If a person has insulin resistance, insulin cannot unlock the cells to let glucose in because the locks, called receptors, are abnormal and/or missing. As a result, glucose is locked out of the cells. The amount of glucose builds up in the bloodstream in a condition called hyperglycemia. To compensate for hyperglycemia, the pancreas produces more and more insulin. Overworked beta cells try to keep with the demand, but gradually lose their ability to produce enough insulin.

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of diseases accumulating together, which will then affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is the body’s energy mechanism to feed the cells and give strength to muscles and tissues. Glucose comes from the things you eat, mostly from the foods or drinks that include large amounts of sugar. “Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the US. It is estimated that 16.7 million US adults (about 7% of the total adult US population) have diagnosed diabetes. About 1 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed annually.” (Pittas, 2008) The main organ that is affected is the pancreas. With this disease, the levels of glucose are too low or too high, then insulin can be produced in the body. Insulin regulates

When there is an increase in blood glucose, the beta cells detect this change and respond instantly by releasing stored insulin while rapidly producing more, vice-versa when low blood sugar levels are detected. When blood glucose levels decrease, the alpha cells also detect this change and also respond by instantly releasing glucagon and rapidly producing more of the hormone. The adrenal gland secretes a number of hormones that regulate a balance between the process of blood glucose that enters and leaves the blood which maintains a stable blood glucose level. One of these hormones is epinephrine, also known as adrenaline is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Epinephrine can be released into the bloodstream, resulting in an increase in glucose metabolism. This reaction known as “fight or flight” ultimately prepares the body for intense activity. The effectors of this mechanism is the liver that is referred to on the model, adipose tissue and the skeletal muscles. The diagram shows that the liver both stores glycogen and produces glucose, helping the blood glucose levels to remain constant. It produces glucose by the breakdown of poly saccharide glycogen that is stored in the liver cells. These liver cells

Before blood continues to the heart, it must first travel through the liver to metabolize the substances from the GI tract. The carbohydrates that are in the food processing through the GI tract that is then transported to the liver is where it creates, stores, and releases glucose. At this point, the liver helps maintain a normal glucose levels within the blood flowing through the hepatic system. If sugar levels (glucose) were to start getting too high, the pancreas will start producing insulin to help the liver maintain the glucose levels. The drugs that the GI tract absorbs usually loses their potency before it reaches circulation of the blood because the liver processes and metabolizes them. At rest the liver consumes about 20% of total body

When a person is of good health, their pancreas releases insulin. The insulin then in turn helps the body, using and storing fat and sugar from the food we eat.

From an endocrine functioning perspective, vital hormonal involvement allows the body to achieve such standing. Two of the major hormones that is included in this structures endocrinal portion are known as glucagon and insulin, and are directly produced by the pancreas’ islets of Langerhans (patho 144). These hormones have a purpose in the human body, specifically, sustaining blood sugar levels. A simpler method of understanding both hormones is by considering their purpose as being the exact opposite of one another. For instance, the pancreas secretes glucagon when a human is in a fasting state, signifying someone is unfed. On the other hand, insulin is secreted during the body’s postprandial or fed condition (Pathp 144). Ultimately, the glucagon that is released triggers the liver to eject stored glucose, resulting in increased blood glucose (sugar) levels. Insulin, having the reversed effect, acts as an assistant to glucose in order to help it enter into the cells and also support its storage formation (Patho 144). Insulin, partaking in additional purposes, also plays a critical role in boosting free fatty acid storage and intake while also encouraging protein synthesis. By doing this, the body has created its own source of checks and balances to ensure proper function and

The level of glucose in your blood is regulated by insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas. When blood glucose levels rise after eating a meal, the pancreas releases insulin, which causes cells in the body (such as liver, muscle, and fat cells) to take up glucose, removing it from the bloodstream and storing it to use for energy. When the blood glucose levels start falling, the pancreas stops releasing insulin, and the stored glucose is used for energy.

foods rich in carbohydrates and plant based foods that when consumed by the human body is carried in the blood plasma (receptors for insulin is embedded into the plasma).Once consumed the carbohydrates are carried through the digestive system and broken down into glucose by enzymes from the liver. The glucose is absorbed into the blood (blood glucose level) and transported to cells around the body. Absorption of glucose into cells is made possible through the release of insulin from beta cells within the pancreas. The beta cells detect the increase of glucose in the blood and release insulin, the messenger for the effectors, to counteract the rise and bring the level back to the set point. Insulin enables the cells to take in glucose from the blood stream, opposing the rise, allowing for the creation of ATP for energy consumption and to maintain the internal environment. As the glucose levels drop back to the set point, the beta cells detect the decrease

or action of insulin. During periods of low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and inhibits glucose breakdown by glycolysis in the liver and stimulates glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters the bloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the resulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by muscle tissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin also activates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger, 1993).

The pancreas is an extremely important organ for blood glucose homeostasis. The islets of Langerhan in the pancreas are composed of alpha and beta-cells which secrete hormones to help regulate blood glucose. When glucose levels are elevated the hormone insulin is released from the beta-cells in the pancreas. Insulin has several roles within the body. It stops the production of glucose in the liver, since you do not want more glucose to be added to the already elevated concentration of glucose in the blood (White & Kahn, 1994). It also binds to insulin receptors on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and adipose cells causing the GLUT4 transport to fuse with the cell membrane (Larance, et al., 2008). This allows

Among the wide array of cellular responses resulting from insulin ‘activation,' the key step in glucose metabolism is the immediate activation and increased levels of GLUT4 glucose transporters. By the facilitative transport of glucose into the cells, the glucose transporters effectively remove glucose from the blood stream. Insulin binding results in changes in the activities and concentrations of intracellular enzymes such as GLUT4. These changes can last from minutes to hours. As important as insulin is to preventing too high of a blood glucose level, it is just as important that there not be too much insulin and hypoglycemia. As one step in monitoring insulin levels, the enzyme insulinase (found in the liver and kidneys) breaks down blood-circulating insulin resulting in a half-life of about six minutes for the hormone. This degradative process ensures that levels of circulating insulin are modulated and that blood glucose levels do not get dangerously low.