Factors That Influence Pro-Social Behaviour

Humans are prenatally motivated to help those around us due to its evolutionary benefits that our species has a better chance of survival if all cooperate. Humans can also be nurtured to exhibit altruistic behavior through good parenting. Although most of the population agrees that altruism benefits society, scientific research has shown that even those who believe they are altruistic are not when they are put in situations which calls for selfless behavior. One phenomena that refutes the claim that most of the population strives for selfless behavior is known as the bystander effect. The bystander effect is when a person feels less responsible for doing selfless acts when they are in an environment of a group of

Altruism is a concept in which the individual sacrifices regard for themselves in the interest of another. The ethics of altruism state that a person should act in a matter where their self-sacrifice yields the greater well being on the whole. To put that statement in the form of a fundamental principle of rightness, an action is right if and only if (and because) the action brings a net-gain of well being to anyone except the individual performing the action. The altruistic mentality of an individual according to this moral theory means that any action that they undertake should be in the interest of others rather than themselves. The ethics of this concept also state that relationships of greater value to the individual carrying out an action should come second in priority to those they have with strangers since the close relationship has a much more meaningful connection to a person’s life. In these situations, the only morally correct way of acting is in the way that defeats the well being of the agent of an action for the sake of others.

Bartel (1976) defines prosocial behaviour as ‘behaviour that intentionally helps or benefits another person’. Batson (1987) defines altruism as ‘helping another person for no reward, and even at some cost to oneself.’ This definition of altruism seemingly depicts the behaviour as selfless, however there is a wealth of research which suggests that this is not the case.

Altruism is defined as the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others. Why would someone think that certain actions are moral? There are two answers. First, altruism is naturally positive but on the contrary there are situations that decisions are made with morally bad tendencies and motivations, in circumstantial selfishness. Secondly, altruism is good because of its affirmative effects. The outcome of altruism does not only effect the person to whom the altruism is intended for, but it has its indirect ramification on society. There is truth to both of these answers. We all have experiences of acting out of an impartial concern for the health of a friend or loved one. These experiences that we have had seem to be an unambiguous instance of moral virtue. It seems likely that if our society had more acts of altruism, our world would be a better place to live than if there were no altruism at all.

Using children as a test subject is reliable in verifying human nature due to the fact that developing minds are less influenced by political and religious views. Results from this test showed that praise ended up promoting generosity in charitable acts. The trend of being offered a reward for supporting charitable acts continued with women taking telephone surveys who were offered money. These women were less likely to continue their generosity if they were not offered money just a few days later; also, repeated blood donors who were reminded of the personal benefits of donating blood tended to be less motivated to donate their blood. At the end of the article Kohn states, “...whenever people seem to act altruistically, there must be egotistical reasons for it. Based on the research provided Kohn is able to conclude that it is human nature to be selfish towards people in

Altruism refers to the concern for the welfare and well being of others without personal gains or

1. John Darley and Bibb Latané were interested in prosocial behavior, or behavior that produces positive social consequences, and they examined factors that contributed to the decision to assist in an emergency situation. They termed the behavior of helping others “bystander intervention.”

Prosocial behavior refers to "voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals" (Eisenberg and Mussen 1989). This definition refers to consequences of the people who do the actions rather than the motivations behind those actions. These behaviors include a broad range of activities: sharing, comforting, rescuing, and helping. Though prosocial behavior can be confused with altruism, they are, in fact, two distinct concepts. Prosocial behavior refers to a pattern of activity, whereas, altruism is the motivation to help others out of pure regard for their needs rather than

Altruism, in which one selflessly devotes to the welfare of another without expecting anything in return, often elicits an inexplicable and intangible surge of joy, in which one gains a sense of purpose. For example, I have observed the therapists at PRANA, whom altruistically devote up to an hour, when initially only allotted a half-hour time slot, programming individualized treatments for each patient. In their hour- long treatments, they create a non-fraternizing relationship with their patients that is fully functional on trust, empathy, and generosity. Devoting that extra time to each patient gives not only the

Additionally, being exposed to someone else’s pro-social behaviour influences our own as well. Seeing someone else do something good for someone has been shown to increase pro-social behaviour in others. That person is perceived as a role-model for pro-social behaviour in the eyes of others. This, however, does not mean that pro-social behaviour will be influenced in all people, as each individual behaves differently. One individual may look at a pro-social act and think it is good that someone intervened and move on; another may look at it and learn from it in hopes of implementing it into their lives in the future.

Various theoretical approaches have highlighted the role of motivation in prosocial behaviors with many maintaining that prosocial behaviors that are more autonomous and intrinsically driven positively impacts the subjective experience and well-being of the helper and promotes continued engagement in the prosocial behavior (Finkelstein, Penner, & Brannick, 2005; Grube & Piliavin, 2000; Lee, Piliavin, & Call, 1999; Piliavin & Callero,

Many have defined altruism in a similar context, a special form of helping behaviour that is “an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another individual rather than oneself” (Hogg &Vaughan, 2008). An altruistic act does not necessarily have a negative or zero value to the actor (Margolis, 1982) but a true altruistic act is detrimental to the actor's fitness and enhances another individual’s fitness, in other words, a selfless act (Batson, 1991). Throughout the evolution of altruism, there have been many controversies about the existence of true altruism. Most theories have argued that it stems from ulterior motives, but does that prove

Just as philanthropy has great societal effects, it also has many psychological effects. When people decide to donate, they are bestowing on themselves an innumerable number of intangible costs, “one of these costs is the psychological implication is giving.”(Bekkers & Wiepking, 2010). Giving not only contributes to the way others see one but also to the way one sees himself, this contributes to “one’s self image as an altruistic, empathetic, social responsible, agreeable, or influential person” (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2010). The first response one feels, however, is an emotional response, this response makes one feel good and have a positive mood (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2010). The nearly automatic response can liberate one from feelings of guilt, which in turn satisfies one’s desire to show gratitude or morality (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2010).

First, it is important to understand what altruism is. Altruism is any act carried out by an individual in order to benefit another individual. [1, 2] At first glance,

This links to the theory of altruism where people help on a purely selfless basis and have no ulterior motive other than to help those that need help. If someone walked past a man getting beaten up, they may help purely for this reason. But an altruistic act is extremely difficult to perform as by helping; the individual may get a feeling of pride after, cancelling out the altruism. Therefore the reason for the prosocial behaviour is due more to reinforcement.