Factors That Regulate Expression Of Stress Responsive Genes, Sony Malhotra And R. Sowdhamini

Plants are found everywhere on earth, up high on the ridge and down low in caves and caverns. The types of plants that live in these places depends on many factors. These factors are separated into two different categories, the biotic factors and the abiotic factors. Some of the biotic factors include, predation, competition, and habitat destruction. Plants with limited competition and large amounts of resources will be in a higher abundance than plants with limited resources and higher competition rates will be confined to areas and either out competed or will be the dominant species. Certain plants adapt to these factors and thrive and others don’t do as well. Some of the abiotic factors include, sunlight, water, temperature, and wind. These

6. Describe several adaptations that enable plants to reduce water loss from their leaves. Include both structural and physiological adaptations.

might affect the fitness of each variant. In other words which factors might increase plant growth, survival,

Salt stress results to stunted growth and reduced productivity of rice. Transcription factors like heat shock factors (HSFs) represents key controllers of stress adaptation. Moreover, heat shock factors of the group A and B are clearly established as thermal and non-thermal stress controllers in many plants. Therefore, this experiment aims at examining the functions of OsHsfC1b transcription factor in rice. There are several transcription factors that work in rice, including MYB, NAC and bZIP, leading to regulation of the stress- responsive genes in the crop. In addition, Bahadur et al. (2015) reveal that the Heat Shock factors (HSFs) are kind of transcription factors that are categorized into three groups: A, B and C. these groups of

War, A., Paulraj, M., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S. and Sharma, H. (2012). Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. [online] NCBI. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493419/ [Accessed 10 Mar.

A., & Kiss, J. Z. (2012). Phototropism and gravitropism in transgenic lines of Arabidopsis altered in the phytochrome pathway. Physiologia Plantarum, 145(3), 461-473. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01607.x

Many species of plants host microorganisms living inside the plant forming a mutually beneficial endosymbiosis. Bacteria or fungi that reside within plant tissue (roots, stems, and/or leaves) are referred to as endophytes. These endophyte communities may help to improve a plant’s fitness by promoting growth, protecting against disease, or facilitating nutrient acquisition. More specifically, endophytes within the plant community can help plants respond to stress that develops from biotic or abiotic influences like pests, heat, drought, saline, and soil conditions (Russell et al., 2003) Endophytes can help plants become better able to tolerate stress by allocating resources from one place to another (Rodriguez et al., 2009). Therefore,

Exploring the Expression of an Auxin Induced Gene pCNT103, a Constitutive Gene GapC and a Cytokinin Induced Cig1 Gene in the DNA and RNA Extracts of Differentiated Shoot, Root, and Callus Tissue of Nicotiana tabacum

Robert Deal from Emory University is studying to learn about plants and their memory of stress. When plants face dry weather, their stomata shrink to reduce water loss. When a similar situation places the plants under stress again, the plant seems to recall this experience and recovers quicker. Robert Deal, who studies genetics and biochemistry, hopes to utilize this trait and pinpoint its gene. If he can locate and activate the genetic material associated with this memory, he believes he can speed up the process and cause plants to have the gene activated at all times, allowing the plants to withstand drier and warmer temperatures.

Ecology has been the study of different interactions amongst organisms with the abiotic environment (Pimm and Smith, 2007), examining how ecosystems have thrived upon these relations. Ecosystems have depended on the continued availability of energy supplied ultimately by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Plants have lived in association with each other from having occupied the same niche in nature (Khan and Hussain, 1999). Numerous plants have

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a key nutrient for plants and it is involved in a myriad of metabolic processes and functions that allow their growth and development. Since it is such an important nutrient its uptake, transport, storage and usage are tightly regulated. Never the less the reduced availability of Pi in the ground is a mayor limiting factor. When phosphate starvation occurs the plant has to adapt to survive. Such stress triggers a distinct phenotype in the root such as an increase in root hair length and density, as well as an increase in the ratio root/shoot and proliferation of lateral roots. The changes in root architecture are also accompanied by changes in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, glycolysis, carbon fixation,

During testing our developed primers in August 2015, I began work on my Honor’s Thesis to understand mRNA expression changes during a common chemical treatment used by many growers to change the sex of the plant for seed production. Through growing female plants and treating some branches with silver thiosulfate, these plants will produce both male and female flowers, which can be harvested throughout the growing process. These flowers will have RNA extracted at three time points, which will then be processed, sequenced and

The plant recognizes the double stranded mRNA as foreign and breaks down the complex. This acts as a negative post-transcriptional control (Axtell). The four microRNAs used for this investigation were miR156, miR395, miR399 and miR398. The control, miR156, has no nutrient requirement and would be expected to show no change due to nutrient levels changing (Hsieh 2120-2132). miR399 is up-regulated during phosphate starvation and thus targets phosphorus uptake and metabolism (Hsieh 2120- 2132). miR398 is regulated when there is Copper/Zinc starvation, targeting the enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Bouché 684– 686). This stress responsive miRNA has low levels of expression in both low sulfur and phosphorus environments (Bouché 684- 686). Lastly, miR395 depends on sulfur concentrations and targets mRNAs involved in sulfur metabolisms (Hsieh 2120-2132). These miRNAs should show different effects due to the nutrients

Psychological and physical well-being and the overall quality of life are under a constant threat of stress and thus, psychological and medical sciences have long been concerned with studying stress response. Cox (1979) claimed that because of the poor understanding and defining it, the concept of stress tends to be rather elusive. The term, “stress”, commonly describes any physchological or physical alteration that deranges the organism’s homeostasis (or balance). This essay reviews some of the biological factors involved in stress and it has been organized in the following way. The paper begins by briefly introducing the concept of stress. It will then go on to discus and describe the automatic response (fight or flight reaction),

All plants are subjected to a multitude of stresses throughout their life cycle. Depending on the species of plant and the source of the stress, the plant will respond in different ways. When a certain tolerance level is reached, the plant will eventually die. When the plants in question are crop plants, then a problem arises. The two major environmental factors that currently reduce plant productivity are drought and salinity (Serrano, 1999), and these stresses cause similar reactions in plants due to water stress. These environmental concerns affect plants more than is commonly thought. For example, disease and insect loss typically decrease crop yields by less than ten percent, but severe