Factors of Successful Financial Centers Essay

The American economy is a complex balance of services, financial, manufacturing, agricultural, and banking industries. For this reason, the U.S. is a global economy, relying upon foreign investments and trade to create and retain wealth. Over the years, America has evolved from farming-based, to industrial, to a services-based economy. As a result, the banking system from its inception has weathered the many growing pains associated with a new government and currency, instituting regulations and a centralized bank to examine the economy, and implement policies intended to offset factors negatively affecting the general financial health of the country.

Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. By early 21st century it was possible to trade more than $1.5 trillion in national currencies on a daily basis due to expansion in trade and investment.. the rapid growth of these worldwide structures led to increased instability of financial structure globally (Greenspan, 2009). The following economic conditions of globalization aids successful business.

Foreign exchange principles; impact of globalisation of financial markets. Comparison of ‘financial’ shocks Asian financial crisis 1997-8; the Credit Crunch 2008–2010; ‘sub-prime’ market to Lehman Bros. AIG. Partial re-nationalisation of Commercial Banks, trading internationally from US & GB.

Andrew Bailey (2013) “The future of UK banking - challenges ahead for promoting a stable sector”. Bank of England [online]. Available from:

“Since 2007 to mid 2009, global financial markets and systems have been in the grip of the worst financial crisis since the depression era of the late 1920s. Major Banks in the U.S., the U.K. and Europe have collapsed and been bailed out by state aid”. (Valdez and Molyneux, 2010) Identify the main macroeconomic and microeconomic causes that resulted in the above-mentioned crisis and make an assessment of the success or otherwise of the actions taken by the U.K government to resolve the problem.

Bank of America, on the other hand, has spent its time during the post great recession managing its Merrill Lynch purchase. With such a large wealth management force often referred to as the ‘thundering herd’, the Merrill acquisition allows the bank to explore untapped opportunities, as well as making the bank the biggest in the nation bypassing “JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM.N) and Citigroup Inc (C.N) in size, giving it about $2.7 trillion of assets” (Stempel, 2009). Similar to Morgan Stanley’s plans for its wealth management arm, Bank of America intends on trading the high volatility of traditional investment banking with the stability of the more retail investor focused wealth management. The strategy and benefits are evident, as various Wall Street firms try and reign in more riskier lines of business with more stable ways of income. Additionally, as explained by Halah Touryalai (2012), the advantage of cross selling traditional banking and mortgage products with wealth management clients “can be a very profitable.” The synergies created between both firms could lead to favorable results “as both sides look to tap into one another’s existing client base… sell more products to existing customers. The more products each one of your customers buys from the bank, the more profitable they become for the bank–not to mention it makes it more difficult for a customer to leave” (para. 5). To emphasize, just the size and scope of Bank of America could lead to more attractive

The end of the 20th century represented the rise of New York’s finance community to world ascendancy. This phenomenon took place after the decline of New York as a port, yet the density and size of the city turned the city into a center for “the exchange of ideas and the general flow of information” (Glaeser 30). The flow of information and the city’s ability to acquire and sell businesses is what has contributed to the city’s survival as a major center of world finance (Glaeser

The overall development of an economy is a major factor that has significant impacts on the development of the economy's financial markets. Since well-functioning financial systems offer good and easily accessible information, they lower the costs of transaction. This in turn enhances resource allocation and strengthens economic growth. The financial services industry consists of various systems such as stock markets and banking systems that enhance growth and help in poverty reduction. However, commercial banks tend to dominate the financial system during low levels of economic development while stock markets become more active and effective during periods of high levels of economic development ("Financial Sector", n.d.). The other important systems in the financial services industry include sound macroeconomic policies, shareholder protection, and good legal systems.

London is the world's leading financial centre for international business and commerce and is one of the "command centres" for the global economy.London is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom.London generates approximately 22 per cent of the UK's GDP.Although London is home to numerous companies within the United Kingdom, statistics show how important it is to other nations.For example, the most recent data estimates that London exports approximately £92billion worth of products every year while its GDP is greater than the economy of

The 2008 US financial crisis triggered global economic shocks, not only profound influence or even change the financial pattern of the world economy, but also a vivid lesson to the global banking industry. After the outbreak of the crisis, the United States Government has put forward the toughest financial reform bill for decades, expanding market intervention, and with economic globalization and financial liberalization, we need to absorb the experience and lessons of American banking system reform in the context of financial crisis. Citigroup is a typical example of the bank that influenced by the financial crisis and restructured.

The UK is becoming increasingly reliant on its financial services, demonstrated by the fact that in 2014 the UK’s financial services industry accounted for 8% of the gross value added to the economy. The success of the UK as a global financial centre is largely attributable to the reputation of its cross-border bank lending and the financial institutions in

Many believe that if a company is big enough, then it will be nearly impossible for it to fail and go bankrupt. However, that is not always the case as the United States learned the hard way in the late 2000s. This essay will describe what it means to be “too big to fail”, and explain the benefits of having large institutions along with the problems that come with them. It will also mention the amount of concentration in the banking industry, the size of the firms and the market share they represent. There have been proposed policies that can help reduce the risks of these large financial institutions. Some institutions however, have challenged proposed policies and decisions by the Financial Stability Oversight Council that declares them as a financial institution important enough to not fail. An explanation of their reasoning will be provided.

The phenomenon seems to be driven by three major forces: globalization of all product and financial markets, technology and deregulation. Globalization of product and financial markets refers to an increased economic integration in specialization and economies of scale, which will result in greater trade in financial services through both capital flows and cross-border entry activity. The technology factor, specifically telecommunication and information availability, have facilitated remote delivery and provided new access and distribution channels while revamping industrial structures for financial services by allowing entry of non-bank entities such as telecoms and utilities.

Financial regulation is necessary and without an efficient set of regulations a country could see rises in unemployment, interest rates, and the deterioration of financial intermediaries. With the globalization of the financial industry, it becomes more and more common for businesses to seek financing outside of their county 's boarders. These innovations in the financial industry stress why it is so important for regulations to be created and changed to reduce risk and asymmetric information in financial systems.

List of abbreviations List of tables Acknowledgements Abstract 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Problem statement Objectives and hypothesis of the study Literature review Structure and performance of the financial sector in