Factors that contributed to the origin and development of cities.

Closely associated with the process of globalisation is the notion of ‘World cities’. World cities are those such as London, New York and Tokyo where urban function has moved beyond the national scale to become a part of the international and global system. They are centres of culture, economics, employment, tourism, transport and communications and have been referred to as the command centres of the World’s borderless economy.

•    Discuss the changes and continuities that occurred in the roles and functions of cities in major societies from the Neolithic Revolution to 1450.

Economic factors are fundamental in determining urban structure. Cities can be seen as a form

With this it also shows how the structures like private land where more on the outskirts of town allowing the town expand as well for population growth. This allowed for larger crops as well meaning for food for the masses allowing success.

One of the geographical characteristics of cities is the proportion of low-lying areas that exists. Studies have been carried out to examine residential segregation. The theory that was being studied was whether

People went from foraging and hunting while living in villages, to agriculture which lead to the surplus of grain which lead to beer. Having the surplus of grain allowed for some people to specialize in other professions because not everyone was needed to produce food. Having multiple professions contributes to the development of cities. One of the developed professions was priest who collected goods in the form of taxation. Cities began to grow as priest accumulated power. Priest used taxed as a tool to expand villages into towns which got expanded into cities.

Is it a coincidence certain areas only consist of black civilians or white civilians? The articles “The City as a Growth Machine by Logan and Molotch, Minoritized Space by Michel Laguerre and The Construction of the Ghetto by Massey and Denton demonstrate segregation between racial backgrounds are divided into into specific neighborhoods that contributes as a benefit towards whites. I will be arguing how the theory of Karl Marx on estranged labor is related into these article but also Angela Harris theory on Critical racial theory contributes, clarifies and supports the author 's reasons on why segregation still exists among communities. I will be connecting argument by adding evidence to support my argument with Karl Marx and Angela Harris theory within the articles.

With reference to examples, assess the degree to which the level of economic development of a country affects planning and management in urban areas.

Throughout history, the evolution of communities and societies has been influenced by the local and global economy. Large cities emerged from vibrant business activity and flow of products and services. For the most part

Before this class I never gave a second to think about how and why people decide where to live. I thought people went looking for houses and bought the house they liked. I didn’t know all the other factors that went into finding a place to live. But truthfully I didn’t really care. I now believe the interaction of economic development strategies and spatial form in urban environments comes down to three things. It comes down to appealing to different people and cultures, segregation and inequality, and the three T’s of development (technology, talent, and tolerance).

We can say that there are some criteria which differ the first cities from any older ones. First of all, the first cities are more crowded than the old settlements and they need to have accommodated classes. In addition; every primary producer had to pay over surplus as tax or tithe to a king or a deity. Also, they made monumental public buildings and temples where workshops, magazines and granaries in. Moreover, priests, civil and military leaders absorbed the most of the surplus. On the other hand, the lower class were trying to guarantee peace and security and also relieved from intellectual tasks. This formed a ruling class. In addition; they invent the systems; science. While they are doing this, they also invent the writing system and this caused the invention of calendar and the predictive sciences. I guess, this process is like a “chain”; every step is connected to another. In addition; some specialists gave a new direction to “artistic expression” by the social surplus’s support. Also; other social surplus was used to pay for the raw materials which were not available in the area, thus the usage of the materials developed. When I look at all these criteria, I can say that the specialist’s importance and security on residence increased but the itinerancy’s importance and security on kinship

High Density is said to be the future of residential housing, although not everyone agrees to this way of thinking.

Many studies have demonstrated the idea that institutions are the main factor of economic development because empirical evidence points to strong institutions being able to determine large growth of GDP per capita. Although the characteristics of strong institutions can be described as the potential fundamental cause of economic growth, the effects of geography and materials available to different certain regions have a huge hand in properly developing a society economically and allowing for further growth. The resources of the countries heavily depend on the raw materials available to each region and the kinds of animals they are able to domesticate. This is where the argument circulates around in which geography is a large determinant of whether a civilization or society can prosper in a certain area or not.

In this book Lynch defines that performance of the city can be measured by reference to its spatial form. But the quality of a place is depends upon combined effect of place and the society which occupies that place. Here Lynch sets up new dimensions for performance in his own criteria. Author also expresses his approach on size of the city, conservation and growth, planning practices and utopian models. The dimensions which are demonstrated in this book may not be fully perfect but of course they combine all social values as well as physical values. Lynch believed that these described dimensions must cover all features of all forms of the settlements and all these dimensions should be usable where values are different.

A Slum refers to informal settlements within urban areas or cities. The informal settlements depict inadequate housing and miserable condition with reference to living standards (Meade p 43). In the slums, numerous individuals seek housing facilities within small living spaces. The slums also lack basic local authority services such as sanitation, collection of waste, water, drainage systems, street lighting, and emergency roads. Most slums also lack schools, hospital, and public places that might offer adequate environment for social amenities. The experience of France illustrates the essence of slums within the modern society (Oberti p 58). Crime and unemployment are on the rise within the slums because of the poor