Factors to consider about the Liposome The liposome is very important as it is the route for which

Niosomes can alter the metabolism; prolong circulation and half life of the drug, thus decrease the side effects of antineoplastic drugs. Niosomally entrapped methotrexate and doxorubicin showed beneficial effects over the free drug, such as decreased rate of proliferation of the tumor and higher plasma levels accompanied by slower elimination (9).

I can draw from these results that as the chemotherapeutic drug concentration is increased the cell viability decreases. In HEPG2 the viability at the control was 100% but when the drug was added at concentration of 40µm the cell viability decreased to 2.62%. From these examples we can deduce that the chemotherapeutic drug added is successful in its use and that it is targeting the cancerous cells. The drug damages the genes present inside the cell line

Whichever the CPP considered, the common major concern is to avoid the endosomal pathway and/or to facilitate the escape of the cargoes from the early endosomes to prevent their degradation. One of the advantages of using CPPs for therapeutic and diagnostic delivery into the cells is the lack (or less) of toxicity in comparison to the other carriers, such as liposomes, polymers, etc. However, one of the problems using exogenous peptides for delivery of various molecules to mammalian cells is the ability to induce a humoral immune response against the therapy, which can be highly harmful for the subsequent treatments. Due to highly cationic nature of some CPPs, it may be proposed that they could be as toxic as other biopolymers. Therefore several groups evaluated different types of them in vitro and in vivo to ensure about their cellular toxicity. When the initial minimal membrane translocating Tat domain was discovered [54], any toxicity was not reported in very extreme conditions on HeLa cells (24 h incubation at 100 micromolar

The compatibility of a LB with other drugs and implanted materials is an important factor impacting drug safety and efficacy. The liposomal formulation of the local anesthetic bupivacaine is designed to provide prolonged postsurgical analgesia. Its compatibility with other drugs and materials depends on the compatibility of the drug itself, along with the integrity of liposomal components.

Summary of Lipid Dynamics Project. Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. In 1972, Singer and Nicholson introduced the mosaic bilayer model, which suggests that membranes are two dimensional homogeneous liquid. Nowadays with a better understanding of the dynamics occurring at the molecular level of membranes, we are aware of their transverse and lateral heterogeneities. Studies suggest the existence of the so called lipid rafts. These are sub-domains with unique lipid and protein composition, in general with high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. They are believed to play an important role on cell

Lysosomes are known as the “Digestive organelle” of the cell, with their main function being to digest intracellular components. They’re characterized by a low pH and many different acidic hydrolysis, giving them an optimum acidic environment for breaking down larger macromolecules such as oligosaccharides and complex lipids. Once broken down, their building blocks are then exported to the cytosol where they can be reused as nutrients in cellular metabolism. Impairment of lysosomes to execute this process has many effects that could cause disease as well as death.

In the lysosome, food from the cell is digested. This food is digested by strong enzymes. The highly acidic pH of the lumen in the lysosome makes an appropriate home to these digestive enzymes, which break down proteins, nucleic acids and lipids (Schechter, Lecture #8). The lysosome is most likely to have the most built and large lipids, after they have been exchanged through different organelles in the cell. (Nature, 55) The lysosome could become clogged with very large and complex lipids because if these enzymes stop doing their jobs, or stop working as well, molecules could easily pile up within the

When a prohormone or steroid is absorbed into the epithelial cell it is then partitioned (or directed) into either the portal vein or the lymphatic system. The process that determines this partitioning (choosing of one or the other disposition) is called “superlipophilicity”. Creating a system of delivery that will cause partitioning in the right direction is part of the equation, but not the whole picture.

Without being digested, fats are soluble, and are not able to travel through a person’s body. After lipase, with the help of bile, digests these fats, it can be carried in a water medium through blood and lymph

A study conducted by the CAELYX Breast Cancer Study Group (O’Brien et al.)12 aimed to demonstrate that pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin (PLD) was no less inferior to conventional Doxorubicin in leading to progression-free survival, whilst being markedly less cardiotoxic, when used as first line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. They conducted a randomized trial on 509 female patients, who received either 50mg/m2 PLD every four weeks, or Doxorubicin 60mg/m2 every three weeks. The inclusion criteria for the study was: females 18 years or older with a WHO performance status of ≤2 and measurable or evaluable, stages 3B or 4 metastatic breast cancer.13 Normal renal cardiac LVEF, haematological and hepatic functions were required. Exclusion criteria were; patients who had a history of ICH or LVEF below normal ranges.

Otherwise, the lipid vesicles may adsorb to the SC surface and subsequent drug partition inside the cell could happen. This has been reviewed the conclusion was indicating that lipid vesicles could be taken into SC as they dissolve and form a unit membrane structure [47].

A cell is like a huge factory. Numerical amounts of processes are non-stop, even when we’re asleep. After a long day of sleeping and play, you must eat. A great meal satisfies the body; to keep moving each and every day, but how does it get receive the nutrients and power its needs? That is through its digestive system, but more in particular, the cell organelles. Two of these organelles work hand in hand to keep the body functioning. The two organelles are the lysosomes and vacuoles. The two organic like objects are like brothers. They need and depend on each other, to digest and dispose of waste coming from the human being. These items also are located in the cytoplasm of the cell where they are recycled and deposit fresh nutrient into

Stx binds specifically to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) at the surface of target cells and is then internalized by endocytosis.The reported over expression of Gb3 in many cancers opens for the possibility of using either the holotoxin (Stx) or StxB coupled to therapeutic drugs in targeted cancer therapy. Stx harbors several advantageous properties compared with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. It kills cells in an extremely effective manner (theoretically, one toxin molecule is enough to kill a cell) and thus, Stx could possibly have therapeutic effects at low doses and with only one or a few rounds of the treatments. The latter has indeed been shown to be the case in several murine cancer models. Some reports indicate that drug-resistant cancer cells are in fact hypersensitive to the toxic effect of Stx (Farkas-Himsley et al., 1995; Arab et al., 1999), implying that Stx may be extremely effective in the treatment of multi-drug-resistant cancers. As an alternative to using the holotoxin for targeted cancer therapy, the non-toxic StxB could be used to bring drugs to the cancers the same way as for bringing imaging modules to

This paper mainly deals with a small family of proteins ‘Lipocalins’. The structures and functions of different lipocalins have been widely discussed. The structural similarity, physiological functions, synthesis, their number of amino acid residues, secondary structures of each lipocalin has been widely analyzed throughout this paper.

Initially the early endosomal membrane, tube-like in shape (Beach, A. et al, 2014), buds inwards via intraluminal invagination (Lopez-Verrilli, M and Court, F. 2013), randomly engulfing sections of the cytosol contents such as the peripheral and transmembrane proteins. This formation of the IVL’s noticeably augments as the endosomes mature (Huotari, J and Helemius, A. 2011) and after transformation the late endosome is more spherical in shape (Beach, A. et al. 2014). It is known