Famous Chemist Linus Pauling

Since Linus worked many Jobs, he had enough money to attend college. Linus Attended the Oregon Agricultural College. This is where Linus became more fascinated about chemistry. Linus also loved learning about Mathematics and Physics. When Linus was not studying , he was teaching Chemistry to people at the facility. Here he meets his future wife, Ava Miller. The two would also have 4 children. In 1922, Linus attended in the school, “California Institute of Technology.” Linus used X- Ray diffraction to understand how Atoms formed to make Molecules. This new found made him be awarded with a Doctorate in Chemistry/Math. In 1926, Linus went to Europe for 18 months. When Linus returned, he brought knowledge about chemistry that is still in todays

In 1917, Pauling enrolled at Oregon Agricultural College, now Oregon State University, where he intended to pursue a degree in chemical engineering. Thanks to all those years studying chemistry at home, Pauling was well ahead of his class. While still an undergraduate himself, Pauling taught chemistry courses in the understaffed department, an experience that granted him access to the current chemical journals. He later married a student of his, Ava Helen Miller. After graduating as a chemical

He went to school in Oregon when he was younger and when he became of age, eighteen, he went to college at Oregon Agriculture College in Corvallis (http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/about/linus-pauling-biography), now known as Oregon State University. He graduated from Oregon State with a degree in chemical engineering and was “drawn to the challenge of how and why particular atoms form bonds with each other to create molecules with unique structures.” After getting his bachelors from Oregon State he went to California Institute of Technology so that he could study chemistry and mathematics, which, in 1925, he received a Ph.D. in. He also he was rewarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1925.

This mutation paper is to give information on the Sickle Cell disease. This is a negative disease to have because the Sickle Cell Disease decreases the health of the person that has the disease and limits what they can and cannot do. Sickle Cell Disease is a red blood cell disease that causes ab normal hemoglobin to from in the veins. Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen throughout the body to help with the respiratory system. The cause of the genetic mutation is inheritance or getting the disease from the parents the disease is found on chromosome 13 while the hemoglobin is still in beta phase on gene HB A. The disease typically shows symptoms within the first 5 to 6 months of birth and being diagnosed with Sickle Cell Disease. The symptoms include painful swelling on the hands and feet, and Jaundice, which causes a white color to form under the eyes, and turns the skin color yellow.

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a class of transformation disorder in the β globin gene, which leads to the development of insoluble, sickle shaped red blood cells (RBC). The red blood cell (RBC) consists of two α globin chains and two β globin chains, forming the oxygen carrying molecule haemoglobin. Upon being oxygenated, the three-dimensional structure of sickle RBC is said to be normal but abnormal when it becomes deoxygenated. This is because the β sickle globin polymerised more than normal β globin during deoxygenating process. Thus RBC tends to shape itself into a crescent resulting in the slowness of the blood flow, which can cause the organs to be damaged, vaso-occlusive crises and stroke. Sickle RBC have a short lifespan than normal

Sickle Cell Anemia has proven to be one of the most widespread genetic diseases in America, affecting 100,000 or more individuals according to the NHBLI (2008). Each person affected by sickle cell anemia must seek out expert advice and care for combating the disease, but as of late, care has been lacking in the medical field for these patients. Therefore providing optimal care and effective treatments for patients with sickle cell anemia will involve more research and funding in the future. Studies have shown that treatment for sickle cell patients is lacking and drugs are scarce and sparse, which has left this population medically neglected. The need to focus more research and allocate more funding toward sickle cell research is evident

Gilbert Newton Lewis was a prominent American physical chemist. He was born on October 23, 1875, in Weymouth, Massachusetts. His father was Frank Wesley Lewis and his mother was Mary Burr White Lewis. In 1884 his family moved from Weymouth to Lincoln, Nebraska. There he spent most of his childhood and was homeschooled by his parents through the English tutoring system until the age of 14, which was when he began attending the University of Nebraska in Lincoln (LeMaster & McGann, n.d.). During his time at the university, he was frequently unsatisfied with the level of education he was being taught. Lewis had shown extreme intelligence ever since his youthful years, and so the subjects he was instructed about were already mastered in Lewis’s knowledge. After two years of

class learned about the sickle-cell disease. This paper will discuss what sickle-cell disease is, the

The conditions which are responsible for genetic abnormal sickle haemoglobin works as the action of a gene which could be derived from one parent only to produce the heterozygous condition (sickle cell trait) or from both parents to produce the homozygous condition (sickle cell anaemia). Molecular nature of abnormalities of the cells explained by many of the clinical features of the disease. When the red cells comes out of solution under conditions of reduced oxygen tension the S haemo sickle cell anaemia and anaesthesia globin and at last forms crystallisation producing sickle shaped cells(1)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disease that is common in African Americans. This disease arises from a single base-pair substitution of thymine for adenine and this makes valine in its place of glutamine in the sixth position of the Beta-globin molecule. When this swap occurs in a homozygous state and this is the sickle cell disease. Clinical signs result from polymerization of the abnormal haemoglobin and the sickling of cells. (Thompson, 2010)

Best known for his work on molecular structure, chemical bonds, and studies on the human body, Linus Carl Pauling is the only person to ever win two unshared Nobel Peace Prize. Pauling has made various contributions in different scientific fields such as mineralogy, psychology, the structure of molecules, and even in nutrition.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA), an autosomal recessive disease, affects about 250,000 people globally every year. 1 Diagnostic tests are fairly simple because the molecular basis of the disease is noncomplex; the disease is caused by a single amino acid substitution. This substitution changes the conformation of hemoglobin resulting in a “sickled” product. This sickled product is “stickier” than the normal red blood cell creating the diseased state. Currently, treatment options are mostly limited to improving symptoms, but there are potential treatments under study that could help at the molecular basis of the disease.

James Watson’s research goals in respect with DNA are quite complex, yet also direct. Watson’s research goals and ideas proliferated after discovering Linus Pauling’s research. In Pauling’s studies, he partially discovered the structure of proteins and formed a model called the A-helix, by using a technique called crystallography. This technique sparked Watson’s interest and he created his research goal by wondering if he could use the same method Pauling did in order to discover the structure of DNA. However, since Watson had little knowledge about the field of crystallography, he had to pursue another scientist help. This eventually led him to London where he met Max Perutz and Francis Crick at Cambridge University.

For long time many people have traditions habits that help to spread sickle cell anemia in community. It is common in the east of Saudi Arabia. Because in my community some people get married of relatives, that makes disease in their children if parents have the disease. Sickle cell anemia is genetic disease, which is characterized by abnormally in the hemoglobin molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells. It is associated with sickle cell disease with a number of acute and chronic health problems, such as acute infections, attacks of severe pain, and stroke. There is an increased risk of death. The effects of sickle cell anemia are high body temperature, bacterial infections, and lack of oxygen in the blood.

Gregor Mendel was the man that first discovered how genetics works even before anyone knew that genes existed by studying pea plants. Through his discovery he came up with the three principles of inheritance. Thanks to Dr. Mendel we now know that sickle cell is a codominant trait. People who are heterozygous have both normal blood cells and sickle cell. Since sickle cell is a recessive trait the people who are heterozygous are considered normal(nature.com,