Farming and Natural Resource Dynamics under Public-Private Partnership in Eastern Zambia

"Outcry for Cecil the Lion Could Undercut Conservation Efforts." The New York Times. The New York Times, 10 Aug. 2015. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. It begins to explain the perspective of Mr. Dorrington. A nonfiction piece of emotion, so not actually true. It portrays a feeling of what he felt as many others when Cecil was killed. After it begins to explain what would have happened if someone were to want to buy game off of National organizations. In Africa’s case; “There’s only two places on the earth where wildlife at a large scale has actually increased in the 20th century, and those are North America and southern Africa,” [said Rosie Cooney, a zoologist who is the chairwoman of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group. “Both of those models of conservation were built around hunting.”] So it’s acceptable as a “sport” but when you think about organizations taking almost extinct animals and using that district as something for fun you decrease the animal species, whereas when you look where there are animal perseverations the large scale has actually increases.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had many conflicts. The people of the country are poor, but interest is shown in the country because of mining. When war did break out the rebels enslaved and took people to work in the mines. Also, with the status of the country, the bonobos are becoming more and more endangered. This is in part because of poverty. The bonobos are being poached and killed for their meat and people even use their body parts because of superstitions. On top of this, the bonobo’s are also losing their habitat. With an increase in a growing population more land is demanded taking from the bonobos. Logging companies are pushing further and further leaving the bonobos at risk for losing their habitat.

Hunters, activist or conservationists have a common goal “ensure that endangered species are here for generations to come” . Some comments that conservation trough commerce is a worthy way to manage natural resources and create awareness of endangered species. Hunters are more likely to be interested in support charities in order to prevent endangered animals to become extinct.

Even in the Kono district of Sierra Leone, where the land was once thought to be beyond repair, land restoration is improving the landscape. Local communities are now working with international partners to fill in the mining pits, bring back native species, and replace lost topsoil. To further these efforts, Brilliant Earth’s non-profit fund has supported land restoration programs in the Kono district, helping to revive the local ecosystem and make former mining lands available for productive farming.

South African ecologists currently face many challenges relating to the conservation of biodiversity and the growing economy. Excessive hunting and land development, as well as unemployment, all remain growing concerns for this struggling country. Jan-Hendrik, a South African who made contact with us, stated, “South Africa has lots of social and economic problems because most people are poor. To get them to middle class requires the economy to grow through mines and the expansion of living areas” (Hendrik). The growth of South Africa’s economy often occurs at nature’s expense. Mining, fracking, expansion of living areas and big game hunting all benefit the economy. Unfortunately, each have detrimental effects on the land and animals.

A century ago, the lion population of Africa thrived as these animals were able to roam freely across the continent. However, owing to a multitude of factors such as poaching, trophy killings, loss of habitat area and conflicts with humans- the population of the African lion today is just 10% of what it once was. The need to address this rapid decline in lion populations is vital in ensuring that these animals are present for future generations to enjoy, whilst not impeding the access for the current generation. Lions, being a non-market public good without well-defined property rights results in society’s inability in managing this resource effectively (Shogren and Taylor, 2008); to overcome this, a market must be established which

Although the CITES banned the poaching of Asian and African elephants and international trade in the mid 1980’s, many organizations have been posting anti-ivory trade promotion on their website (Stiles, 309). Websites such as International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Born Free Foundation, Care for the Wild International, and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) (Stiles, 309). Many of the southern countries of Africa do not agree with the African elephant ban (Stiles, 309). They’ve been against the ban since around the mid-1980’s (Stiles, 309). People from the southern countries of Africa have been arguing because they don’t believe they should be penalized because other countries don’t know how to handle their wildlife (Stiles, 309). The CITES Conference of Parties voted in favor of Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to

Both Eastern United States and Northern Africa were considered independent agricultural hearths. In the Eastern United States commercial farming is practiced, while in Northern Africa is more subsistence farming. The availability of technology is greater in the US than in Africa, therefore the US has access to machinery. The US will practice commercial farming because there are other ways to make a living and people are not dependent on agriculture as their only means of survival. However, in Northern Africa, access to other ways of living is limited and they must rely on agriculture to sustain them. In Northern Africa, they practice pastoral nomadism or pastoralism. This deals with herding and breeding animals in order to produce food.

This policy memo addresses the development and expansion of the cattle ranching industry in Brazil, which has contributed to the mass deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon in the last 40 years. It exposes the regional and global consequences to deforestation and provides strategies for the Brazilian government to sustainably manage cattle ranching industries while protecting the future of the Amazon. The rainforest ecosystem is an immense reserve of natural recourses that is far more valuable than the beef produced on Brazilian cattle ranches. Not only does the rainforest create habitat for up to 65% of the world’s biodiversity, but when harvested sustainably, it provides humans with an abundance of spices, foods, oils, medicines

“What problem is CB really designed to solve? What scientific literature is available? Is science advanced enough? Which species are best suited? What are the impact on existent governmental and conservation programs and policy locally, nationally and internationally? What are the benefits for conservation overall? Is it possible to guarantee results? How do markets behave? What are the challenges, risks, and opportunities? What is truly involved? What motivates the creation of such programs? How much it cost and who pays? What are the factors of success and failure? Are potential risks, gains and losses properly measured? Are there enough capacity and resources to launch successful programs that will truly translate into net biodiversity

This paper uses the terms natural resource(s), resource(s), and reserve(s) in many different contexts. Please use care when interpreting their usage and context.

The primary reason for the negative repercussions is because of the different perspectives of different stakeholders. The aims of stakeholders vary significantly as many only focuses prioritize conservation efforts and this leads to deficient goals and plans as an important aspect of welfare is completely ignored (Chamberlin et al., 2012). Additionally, other problems that have been identified with management techniques and decision-making process. In a study Chamberlin et al. (2012) has identified that bear management techniques are not consistent and management agencies are fragmented and lack communication. To maintain a healthy Grizzly bear population the upper management must agree on same goals and consider the welfare and conservation equally, and science must play an important role in the policy making as well (Chamberlin et al., 2012).

At first there was concern only among foresters about deforestation but now the public has created organizations such as Green Peace to facilitate increased awareness and reduce deforestation. The Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.O.) has worked mainly within the forestry community to find new and better ways to manage the forests. In 1985 there was the introduction of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan or T.F.A.P. This plan involved the F.A.O, United Nations, World Bank, other developmental agencies, and several other multi-national government organizations; together they developed a new strategy. More than sixty countries have decided to prepare national forestry action plans to manage their forests (Gallant, 381).

Another factor precipitating deforestation appears to be poverty. Commonly held views argue that “high discount rates” received by poor countries are a cause of deforestation (The World Bank Forestry Policy 1991, Pearce and Watford 1993.). Because forests imply long gestation; private agents, particularly from the poorest countries, value what they can get immediately from forests more than what they can get in the future. But in 1999, Ekbom and Bojo challenged those views in a World Bank examination by showing that poverty does not necessarily lead to shorter time horizons and an increased rate of environmental degradation. They show how in fact the rural poor have used resources in a conservationist manner over a long period spanning centuries. Ostrom (1990), one of the various analysts they quoted, established a number of conditions that would lead to long term use of common resources despite their short-time

In the current management system in Nepal, community forestry (CF) is one of the effective mechanisms to reduce deforestation and increase greenery in the country, but there is uncertainty to what extent CF supports biodiversity conservation (Acharya, 2003). Community forestry has contributed to improving and diversifying livelihoods by mobilizing locally available natural forest. As per the Forest Act (1993), community forest user groups (CFUGs) retain 100% of revenues generated and 25% are used in forest development