Fatty Acid and Test Specific Objective

Biomolecules are present in every living organism. Larger biomolecules (macromolecules) consists of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. In layman’s terms, proteins are long chains of amino acids that have many functions such as, providing structural support and regulating many body processes. Lipids are the scientific term used for fats. There are many different types of fats, but they all share one common characteristic: They are not soluble in water. Lipids provide protection and insulation to organs and also act as an energy source. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen,

Water (H2O) is a good solvent because it is partially polarized. The hydrogen ends of the water molecule have a partial positive charge, and the oxygen end of the molecule has a partial negative charge. This is because the oxygen atom holds on more tightly to the electrons it shares with the hydrogen atoms. The partial charges make it possible for water molecules to arrange themselves around charged atoms (ions) in solution, like the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions that dissociate when table salt dissolves in water.

c)Lipids monomer(s) are called fatty acid and glycerol. The functional group is called ester. The linkage type of lipids is non polar bonds or sometimes called ester bonds. The primary function of lipids is energy, hormone production and insulation of the body.

5. What are “lipids?” Some lipids are liquid at room temperature whereas other lipids are solid at room temperature. What accounts for this difference? Are all fats considered to be lipids? Are all lipids considered to be fats? If not, what else besides fats are considered lipids? What distinguishes “lipids” and “phospholipids?”

Lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells. (Dr. Ananya Mandal, MD, 10/09/2012, Para.1) The lipids that are usually in our foods are fats and oils. Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they have little or no affinity for water. (Neil A. Campbell,

Then, nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and has the ability to make new cells. Finally, Lipids. Lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids play a big role in the body, it provides cushion and insulation for the larger organisms in our bodies. All of these macromolecules and monomers are needed to make energy.

The electrons in the molecule are on the oxygen side of the molecule. By doing this it causes a reaction of giving this side a negative charge and the hydrogen side a positive charge. Only other polar molecules can dissolve in water because polar molecules dissolve only in polar solvents and non-polar molecules dissolve only in non-polar solvents .Oil and water don't mix because oil is made up of non-polar molecules while water molecules are polar in nature. Since water molecules are electirically charged they get attracted to other water molecules an extract the oil molecules . This eventually causes the oil molecules ,or lipids to clump together.

For example lipids are insoluble in water whereas carbohydrates are soluble in water. This is because lipids contain non - polar hydrocarbon units whereas water contains polar hydrocarbon units. So when the two are mixed together there is no attraction between particles so no breakdown is possible. But lipids care soluble in non - polar solvents, e.g. alcohol. Carbohydrates have polar hydroxyl groups, so there

Carbohydrates are classified as simple or complex carbohydrates. Many dairy products like eggs and milk, meat, legumes such as beans, nuts, some cereal products are great sources of protein. Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. Proteins serve as hormones and a source of energy. They allow the body to move, protect it against infection and disease and regulate important chemical reactions needed for life. Lipids consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They include solid fats and liquid oils. Lipids are important to the human body because they provide energy in which are necessary to the maintenance and development of the nervous and reproductive system. Plant-based foods such as nuts (peanuts, almonds, pecans, and pistachios) are great example of lipids. Lipids also contain animal-based foods like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products like milk, cheese, and butter. Water is the four and final macronutrient class. Water is extremely essential for life, without life would be nonexistence. The water molecule is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and makes up over half of the total human body weight. Everyday humans consume water either through foods they

Macromolecules are found in all life forms such as humans, animals and insects, different reagents can be used to find these macromolecules. Carbohydrates provide energy and support for humans and other organisms such as plant cells. The three types of carbohydrates are: disaccharides, monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Disaccharides form from two monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars such as glucose. Polysaccharides are made up of long chains of monosaccharides. Substance such as glycogen and starch are good examples of polysaccharides. Proteins are found in most foods, they are in chains of amino acids. Lipids are classified as macromolecules that can usually be insoluble in water. They are made up of fats. Oils are a good

and other plant-based foods accumulate in the tissues and blood. These lipids are also known as

Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy. Without adequate carbohydrates, a person may feel fatigued and weak, as the body looks elsewhere for sources of energy. A severe lack of carbohydrates can deprive critical bodily organs the necessary energy to properly function. Lipids are naturally occurring organic compounds that include fats and oils. An excess of some lipids can increase the chances of certain health problems, lipids are vital nutrients to a healthy body. Lipids are necessary for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins. A diet too low on lipids lowers the level of good cholesterol, decreases the body’s energy level and can disturb the body’s formation of cells and cell functions.

Fat soluble vitamins and water soluble are the two groups of vitamins. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin C is a polar molecule which means that it is only soluble in other polar solvents but are insoluble in non-polar solvents. Vitamin C is soluble in water because water is also a polar solvent hence why Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin because Vitamin C is insoluble in fat because fat is non-polar.

Most organic compounds in living organisms are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids they are called macromolecules. Each of these macromolecules is made of smaller subunits. These subunits are linked by dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis is an energy requiring process in which a molecule of water is removing and the two subunits are boded

As mentioned in the discussion, olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard were soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. This is due to the chemical composition of polar and nonpolar substances which results from the molecular shape as well as properties of dissolving solutes in solution. Polar substances are hydrophilic and contain polar Van Der Waals interactions (intermolecular forces) such as dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic and contain non-polar Van Der Waals interactions. ‘Like dissolve like’ is the reason only polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and why nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Molecules with similar polarity have similar intermolecular forces and therefore, can interact with each, or in this case dissolve9. Additionally, the solubility of a compound is determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Long hydrocarbon chains such as the one found in oleic acid makes a compound more insoluble10. Therefore, since the lipids used in this experiment were hydrophobic substances and each lipid has long hydrocarbon chains, the results were consistent with the scientific literature and principles.