Fe Analysis And Precast Frame Systems

The improvement of the skyscraper structures starts from 10 floor stories to high as 150 floor stories high. The Reliance Building Chicago, USA, in 1895, 15 stories high used the semi-rigid steel frame. The semi-rigid steel frame was held together with steel beams and connected by rivets. (Bennett, P.42) The 60 stories high First Wisconsin Center, Milwaukee, USA in 1974 employed the steel belt truss with framed shear truss. This structure used the horizontal trusses at the upper and lower stories to enhance the framed shear truss. (Bennett, P.44) The Sears Tower, Chicago, USA, in 1974, 110 stories high used the Bundled tube. The bundled tubes were made up of a cluster of connected frame tubes, reinforced by steel beams at each story to increase the strength of the structure. Various tubes terminated at different level to further strengthen the bundled tubes at the center. (Bennett, P.44) The future structure was the Superframe, which can reaches at least 150 stories high. It used the concept of the Eiffel Tower with framed tubes connected by horizontal trusses. (Bennett, P.45) It was the innovation of the structural design that enables skyscrapers to reach new height. These methods include the use of

In the quake zone the Forbidden city in Beijing has stood for centuries past and in the documentary, Secrets of Chinas Forbidden City, the secret to the structural survival where unveiled. To determine the quake level that the Forbidden city building structure can withstand, a 1/5 scale model was constructed from the timber frame that is used in the palace of longevity and health. The construction method that was used is that of the traditional carpentry tools and techniques. Due to the simple joint connection that allow mobility during the earthquakes the forbidden city has lasted for centuries. The columns that holds the weight of the building are not connected to the stone bases, which allow the building to move freely and enabling the flexibility

In the Hong Kong market facades and slabs are in the early stages of their product life-cycle, partitioning walls and stairs are more advanced stages. Partitioning walls were first produced in 1972 and unlike facades and slabs are produced in standard sizes using a module design. The old method of pour in place walls and floors are mature according to this case. Demand for precast is rapidly growing because of the Hong Kong construction market. As the markets grow we are expecting to see more modular designs and standard dimensions emerge. Unicon has to be careful since competitors from mainland China are expected to enter the market next year when barriers fall.

Introduction: Bridges are constructed to withstand the forces of compression,tension,shearing,and torsion in a variety of ways. These consist of I beams , steel , arches, truss’s, bounded steel(suspension bridges) and even beams. Compression is the act when an object is being compressed or compressing , while tension is when an object is being stretched. Shearing in a bridge is when the bridge begins to bend , suspension bridges combat it very well. If built incorrectly bridges can undergo ,causing immense amount twist action to occur.

Rigid frame systems are not efficient for buildings taller than 30 stories, because lateral defection due to the bending of columns causes the drift to be too large. On the other hand, steel bracing or shear walls with or without rigid frame (brace systems and shear wall systems), increases the total rigidity of the building and the resulting system is named as braced frame or shear-walled frame system. These systems are stiffer when compared to the rigid frame system, and can be used for buildings over 30 stories, but mostly applicable for buildings about 50 stories in height. However, there are examples for these systems reaching over 100-storey

In this report, it will analyses the building structure and envelope of an advanced engineering building at UQ. The report will put the emphasis on some aspects which include the construction documentation, building configuration building element design and building loading and load transfer to the foundation. From another perspective, the report will also illustrate the project’s sites structure which includes site conditions, material used, interfaces with pre-existing structure/infrastructure. Basically, by using various of site or the whole building drawings, some significant building components can be recognized. These building components will be discussed and analyzed specifically, which include their particular location in the drawing and how they function in the building structure.

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

Pre-engineered wood trusses are designed by truss engineers for light-weight construction. The use of metal plate connected trusses in construction is popular because of cost effectiveness, versatility, and ease of construction.

Because of advancements in today’s technology in construction field, many types of bridges are being constructed depending on the requirement and their suitability for the situations.

Abstract—The design of tall and slender structures is controlled by three governing factors, strength (material capacity), stiffness (drift) and serviceability (motion perception and accelerations), produced by the action of lateral loading, such as wind and earthquake. Outrigger systems are generally very effective in fulfilling the serviceability requirements of tall buildings. This research conducted a study on effectiveness of outrigger truss by simplified method to introduce the normal buildings that can be minimized the deflection as the buildings with outrigger. Two and three outrigger levels are used in 40 and 50 storey square shape buildings respectively. From this result, the engineers can run the buildings without using outrigger to get the minimum deflection as the buildings with outrigger but the base shear is larger than outrigger buildings significantly. Therefore, for the proposed buildings to get minimum deflection, the outrigger is more effective than simplified method.

This resulted in the formation of longitudinal cracks above the voids due to the large concentrated post-tensioning forces near the abutments, which created transverse splitting stresses, and due to the restraint of transverse concrete shrinkage imposed by the steel void forms. To solve this cracking problem, MTO recommended the addition of transverse prestressing to prevent shrinkage cracking and a decrease in span-to-depth ratio in 1975 in order to reduce the required prestressing force, which eventually led to the current maximum span-to-depth ratio limit of 28 (Scollard and Barlett 2004). As a result, in this study, 6 out of the 9 bridges built after 1975 have span-to-depth ratios below 28; the remaining 3 bridges are pedestrian bridges or European bridges.

This work aims to study the seismic performance with different soil condition like hard, medium and soft of multi-storied buildings having plan regularities. The buildings were analyzed by software STAAD Pro. The result obtained in term of percentage change in base shear and peak story shear.

The following conceptual plans show the different spatial configuration of each floor according to their usages. The basement is directly accessed by a staircase on the side and a lift right from the inside. It is divided into various rooms which the purpose is to serve as storages for the facility according to the needs and the type of equipment.

This chapter also discusses on the Wind loads which have been treated as the benchmark in determining the building lateral strength. The maximum allowable lateral deflection according to Eurocode 3 is H/200. The relationship between structural height and total deflection due to wind load are presented graphically further in this chapter.

The main objective of this project is to check and compare the seismic response of multi-storied building for different location of shear wall, so that one can choose the best alternative for construction in earthquake-prone area. Different location of shear wall in R.C. Building will be modeled in E-TABS software and the results in terms of natural period, frequency, storey displacement, storey drift, storey shear is compared.