Febvre And Martin

The renaissance of the twelfth century was a revival of cultural and intellectual activity from 1050 to 1250. Guibert of Nogent’s autobiography, A Monk’s Confession: The Memoirs of Guibert of Nogent, and the prologue of Peter Abelard’s Sic et Non (“Yes and No”) are both products of this time period, having been written in 1115 and 1122, respectively. While Abelard’s text primarily focuses on applying reason to religious matters—a very renaissance thing to do—Guibert sheds light on a greater variety of affairs. Both documents indicate the strong faith that one would expect to find in people during this era of religious enthusiasm. Together, the documents paint an informative picture of the intellectual activity and culture of their times.

Here the tales speak of the abuses of the church and clergy by explaining that the clergy “tell a hundred or more false stories.” Due to the printing press in the 1520’s the message read to a wider audience gaining much support from the laity who also criticised the clergy.

Additionally, Davis’s monograph explores detailed information regarding the shift of many people at the time from Catholicism to Protestantism, which is extremely important to the

In this essay, I will outline the details and advancements of the Reformation and Exploration, along with my view on which was the most important consequence of the printing press. Document A shows two maps of Europe. One of the maps shows how many printing presses there were and where they were located in 1471. The second map also shows how many and where printing presses were, but during 1500. The first map has very few dots indicating that during

Christ Blessing, Surrounded by a Donor Family (1573-1582) offers valuable insight into a changing European landscape during the sixteenth century. The Protestant Reformation, which reached its climax during this era, rejected many aspects of Catholicism. Among other things, Protestants believed that each individual should read the Bible and develop a meaningful connection to G-d rather than limiting the Bible to the clergy’s interpretation.1 This Protestant belief and other tenets of the Reformers are evident in the Reformation’s art. Christ Blessing, Surrounded by a Donor Family demonstrates the manner in which the cultural shift from Catholicism to Protestantism in Northern Europe during the Reformation was reflected in that era’s art.

13. ‘01 Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century.

In seventeenth century Europe there was a revolution that affected the world and continues to almost four hundred years later. This was not a war, or an economic explosion, nor a religious revival, but a revolution in the way that the people of Europe thought, the way they looked at the world. This revolution is known as the Enlightenment. However, this change of thought was not a turning point in all of European society, only in the upper class can the effects be seen in Europe’s philosophes and salons, the enlightened despots, and the books that started to be published. One of the new developments in Europe during the Enlightenment was the introduction of philosophes and salons.

This book by William Gouge (1517-1653.), a Puritan minister, is described by Grell (2016) p82, as “one of the most successful catechistical pastoral works written for the household written in the Reformation period.” This popular work enjoyed wide circulation. Wallington's reference to such printed material supports historical evidence of a substantial circulation of printed religious material particularly in the cities. There is further evidence that Wallington’s journals, although personal reflections, were circulated outside the family suggesting communication of ideas and thoughts outside the home. Grell (2016

In “ The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation,”Euan Cameron, a Henry Luce III Professor of Reformation Church History at Union Theological Seminary focuses on early modern Europe. Cameron argues that Renaissance scholars claimed to have looked to antiquity for their inspiration; however, by looking to only antiquity for value, scholars and critics have overemphasized the importance of antiquity while overlooking the importance of their own efforts in the formation of modern Europe. The Renaissance and Reformation are significant to European history as they helped shape modern Europe. Cameron

As indicated by the sarcastic title of her book “Those Terrible Middle Ages!” French historian Régine Pernoud addresses this commonly held misconception. She argues this time in history spanning approximately a thousand years as well as the image of the Church, have been irresponsibly represented. Her examination of this time period reveals that it is not the Church, but modernism that generates a return to the classical ideology of antiquity. These ancient pagan beliefs of the distant past are not as distant as we may think. They have resurfaced and are present in our own age.

Following the introduction of Weber’s work, we can turn to the work of Keith Thomas and his book ‘Religion and the Decline of Magic’. Although very different when directly compared to Weber’s ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’, it is undoubtedly a fundamental reading when exploring the disenchantment of Europe. Putting Thomas’s whole book into perspective, the overall argument he puts forward is that the belief in magic once served a purpose in society, but as changes in religion and progression in science came about, the need for magic became less imperative to the individual. For Thomas, magic was a part of the accepted world view of the time and therefore part of normal medieval life. What makes Thomas’s text so informative

Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, Volume I: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. Second Edi. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2010.

Religion in the Middle Ages takes on a character all of its own as it is lived out differently in the lives of medieval men and women spanning from ordinary laity to vehement devotees. Though it is difficult to identify what the average faith consists of in the Middle Ages, the life told of a radical devotee in The Book of Margery Kempe provides insight to the highly intense version of medieval paths of approaching Christ. Another medieval religious text, The Cloud of Unknowing, provides a record of approaching the same Christ. I will explore the consistencies and inconsistencies of both ways to approach Christ and religious fulfillment during the Middle Ages combined with the motivations to do so on the basis of both texts.

Johannes Gutenberg was essential to the renaissance because in 1458, he published the first ever typed Bible. He had created a primitive version of a typewriter, and Manchester (1993) states that “It was one of the great[est] moments in the history of Western civilization”. Although “the invention of printing was denounced by, among others, politicians and ecclesiastics who feared it as an instrument which could spread subversive ideas”, the invention eventually lead to other innovations which made life easier (pp. 95-96). Nicolaus Copernicus was another revolutionary who challenged typical beliefs of the time period. Manchester (1993) found that he wrote a few books “in which he concluded that the earth, far from being the center of the universe, merely rotated on its own axis and orbited around a stationary sun once a year” (p. 89). Although, like Gutenberg, Copernicus wasn’t taken seriously, without him, perhaps astronomy wouldn’t have been able to advance as far as it has today. Manchester (1993) found that Tomas de Torquemada was “a Dominican monk” who “tortured accused heretics until they confessed” (p. 34). Torquemada’s methods were inhuman, and unfortunately these methods of torture were also used for racist and anti-Semitic purposes. Negative information about the Renaissance is unpleasant, but necessary to understanding their way of thought. Thomas More was an

Thompson, Karl F.  Classics of Western Thought and Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation  4th ed  pgs. 263-277