Female Athletes

The literature review of this article focuses on Title IX itself, as well as statistical numbers that provide the reader knowledge about the impact it has had. Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that has removed many barriers that once prevented people, on the basis of sex, from participating in educational opportunities and careers of their choice (Bower & Hums, 2013). Acosta and Carpenter (2012) reported that the number of female athletes playing college sports has risen from 16,000 in 1968 to over 200,000 in 2012. Although the increased number of opportunities has provided women the chance to participate in the sport, the percentage of women coaching women’s teams has decline over time from 90% in 1972 to 42.9% in 2012 (Acosta & Carpenter, 2012). Alongside coaching is the lack of women working in intercollegiate administration. In 1972, the percentage of female athletic directors overseeing women’s programs was 90%, Today, the percentage of female athletic directors is 20.3%, a small increase from 2010

Great inequalities in the educational system between the sexes have occurred for many years and still occur today. Efforts have been made to rectify this disparity, but the one that has made the most difference is Title IX. Passed in 1972, Title IX attempted to correct the gender discrimination in educational systems receiving public funding. The greatest correction it made was in the area of athletics, but social justice of Title IX applies to many other areas as well. Title IX has an effect on women who are not athletes in many ways, including quality of education, receptivity to education, empowerment and creation of ideals.

“An average WNBA athlete makes an average of 72,000 dollars a year.”("Gender, 2014”) That’s no money compared to what an NBA athlete makes a year. Popularity can be a big factor in the athletes pay for the women because less people attend a women’s game and they can’t really afford to pay the women. Is gender really a factor in this situation or is it popularity? “The WNBA itself makes on average one million dollars a year.” ("Gender, 2014”) What is the difference between a female athlete and a male athlete? The difference is popularity. More people attend a NBA game then a WNBA, so therefore more money will be

Title IX of the Educational Amendments to the 1964 Civil Rights Act was signed into law in 1972. It bans any educational institution that receives federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex, and applies to all academic and extra-curricular programs. Title IX has been praised as the chief factor behind the advances made in gender equity in education over the past three decades. In addition, the significant advances of women in higher education and in the workplace since the 1970s have been attributed by some to Title IX. Despite all this, Title IX is most well known for the impact it has had on intercollegiate athletics. The scale of women's collegiate athletic programs has increased exponentially during the past four decades,

In 1972 Congress passed the Educational Amendments. One section of this law, Title IX prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally funded education, including in athletic programs. Since its arrival, in regards to athletics, there have been arguments for and against the many aspects pertaining to this law. Title IX has had a large impact on high school and college athletics in the attempt to give females an equal opportunity, but the means by which they are achieving this goal is an ongoing debate.

In order for schools to allow and equal set of opportunities for all female sports there must first be space at the school and in the schools budget. Consequently, due to the fact that around the time the law was created the number of male sports were dominant compared to female sports, the schools had to eliminate the count of male sports. A large amount of male students attempted to sue this law as stated by CBS news. The male athletes claimed that by the way the law was being enforced, they felt that their athletics departments were “losing out” to women departments. During a 60 minutes report the women who ran and swam their way through college with the assistance of athletic scholarships were called the daughters of Title IX. For instance, Julie Foudy who claims that Title IX is the blaim for her success of being a professional athlete and the reason she was the captain of a team that won the world cup. Julie remarked upon Title IX with statements such as “We were Title IX babies,” and “I think it all, it all trails back to Title IX, for sure.” For Foudy the law opened doors for opportunist and success for the male students this just so happens to not be the case. In order to comply with Title IX, the schools had to effectuate with what's called proportionality. (CBS news) Proportionality states that the portion of the school that is female must also be the portion of athletes that is female. Therefore setting

Over two decades have passed since the enactment of Title IX, a federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in federally funded education, including athletics. As a result of Title IX, women and girls have benefited from more athletic participation opportunities and more equitable facilities. Because of Title IX, more women have received athletic scholarships and thus opportunities for higher education that some may not have been able to afford otherwise. In addition, because of Title IX the salaries of coaches for women's teams have increased. Despite the obstacles women face in athletics, many women have led and are leading the way to gender equity.

Throughout history, according to the laws of almost every country, males have been the dominate sex. In almost every sector of life, the law has granted men more rights and privileges, whether it be property rights or the right to vote. However, in the United States, ever since women’s suffrage, all women’s rights have been increasing steadily. One privilege that men have had in the past, active and supported participation in intercollegiate sports, has also been opened up to women through Title IX, part of an amendment to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Although Title IX does not solely target sports, its effect on college sports across the United States

The gender wage gap in professional sports is much higher than most people think and it’s not going to end anytime soon. Women make half of what the Men make, if not less.     In the NBA, the average salary is $4,500,000.00 and in the WNBA the average salary is $72,000.00. In the professional basketball aspect, WNBA players earn 4,428,000.00 less, or not even 2 percent of what NBA players earn. In the 2014-15 NBA season, the highest paid athlete, Kobe Bryant, made $23,500,000.00 and in 2013, the highest paid WNBA player was only paid 107,000.00, but that salary can only be reached after so many years of playing in the league (a-look-at).

This past June marked the 40th anniversary of Title IX, a United States law stating that no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Although the wide spectrum in which Title IX covers includes many educational issues, its application to NCAA athletics has especially been confounded, because, unlike most educational institutions, athletic programs are gender-segregated by sport. In terms of intercollegiate athletics, Title IX essentially states that that all academic institutes of higher education are

Female athletes are discriminated against in modern sports because they have lower salaries than the male athletes. Over the years the wage gap between male and female athletes has increased tremendously. The wage gap that has been viewed as one of the most extraordinary is the gap between men and women basketball players. An article by David Berri talks about this outrageous money difference. Diana Taurasi plays a big part in the Women’s National Basketball Association, especially being the one that led the Phoenix Mercury to win the league championship in 2014. Taurasi was

In the article “Title IX: good laws” states that, “Title IX applies to all areas of education but is best known for its influence on sports which the original law was about equality of opportunity and indeed forbade quotas or reverse discrimination schemes the government officials, college administrators and jurists spurred on by groups like the National Women’s Law Center and the Women’s Sports Foundation transformed a fair-minded equity law into just such a quota-driven regime, with destructive results”(“Title IX:

Within 40 years of being introduced, girls participating in sports raised from 294,000 to over three million (Paige). With the focus being on the success Title IX had in sports, many people forgot the basic principles that Title IX was found on.The ten key areas of Title IX were: access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing and technology(“history”). With more and more women being admitted into colleges and universities, women began to observe their own athletic talent and began to branch out of just obtaining an education to being successful in the sports world. Many of the professional women athletes that are around today credit Title IX for providing the opportunity for all women to participate in further education and athletics. With the introduction of Title IX came the rising of feminine groups supporting and pushing for more rights. Nancy Hogshead-Makar, a senior advisor for the Women’s Sports foundation talked about how much positive feedback she 's had "from parents, coaches, girls and women, and each one is telling me a different story of discrimination against female athletes. This is 2012, and I 'm still getting hundreds of these calls. For people to say we don 't need Title IX anymore, I completely disagree. We need Title IX more than ever” (Brennan).

Research has shown that there has been a significant increase in female athletes partaking in collegiate sports over the last decade, with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) registering over 190,000 women. Satisfactory nutrition is needed for women in general for sustaining good health, maintaining nutritional status, and for amplifying athletic performance. With this being said, female athletes are at an increased risk regarding nutrition correlated issues in comparison to the male athlete, this includes eating disorders, body image issues, nutrient deficiencies, and weight control complications. Although there has been a major increase in the amount of women who compete in collegiate sports little is known by many collegiate

Professional golf is another sport where there are large discrepancies in pay between men and women, who are playing the exact same game. Golf is interesting because at the amateur level, men and women are treated equally (Saffer). At the USGA championships for amateurs there is no prize money since they are regarded as amateurs, but both genders receive a “trophy and the honor of representing the United States as its national champion for the year” (Saffer). The differences in prizes begin at the professional level where prize money is far from equal. The U.S. open seemed to be making progress in closing the gap, but has recently fell short of continuing to narrow this gap. In 1990 the women’s U.S. open awarded the winner $85,000, compared to the male counterpart who was awarded $220,000. The percentage of prize money that went to females was 38.6%. In 2000 the female winner was awarded $500,000, while the male winner was awarded $800,000. The percentage of prize money that was awarded to females was 62.5%. This was a large increase from 10 years ago. Since 2000, the tournament has taken a step back where the percentage of prize money awarded to females had dropped from 62.5% to 45%. The discrepancies in pay would make it seem that the men are twice as good as women, but that is not a fair assumption (Saffer). From the averages of the birdies shot by the best men and women one can see that the scores are equal. “The top 10 players in scoring average on the LPGA