Feminist Research Article Summary

The most prevalent and popular stereotype of the post World war II era in America is one filled with women abandoning their wartimes jobs and retreating into the home to fulfill their womanly duties. In Joanne Meyerowitz’s Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, she shows how far women departed from this one dimensional image. While Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique is reflexive and focused on the mainstream, Meyerowitz’s analysis is a broader and more inclusive exploration of media, as she draws upon multiple sources. Although Friedan effectively unveiled the thought process and reasoning behind society's belief that the message of media was to make women think that their place was to be the happy housewife, Meyerowitz expanded her media archives and found a differing message in analyzing both female responses to media and exploring their stories.

What is "feminism"? Describe how it has evolved in the United States and include the three phases.

Two weeks ago, Feminist Frequency launched a crowdfunding campaign for Ordinary Women, our new video series about incredible, defiant women throughout history, and we’re pleased to say that we’re on our way, having raised over $73,000 from more than 1,200 supporters so far. Your generosity and enthusiasm mean everything to us, especially in light of the pushback we get every time we speak up or speak at all.

Over the years in American history, women have fought for the rights and freedoms that men were born with. For a while now after all this hard work women have put in to get these rights, you would think there wouldn’t be any more hoops to jump through, but you would be unquestionably wrong. Emily Martin wrote “The Egg and The Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles” to show the world that there is gender stereotyping not only in our culture but also scientific language as well (Martin, 39). In reproductive roles males are depicted as the heroic warrior who go on missions to get to females, while women are seen as wasteful and passive, not working nearly as hard as the men. Not only does science exhibit females in such a derogatory aspect, but it’s teaching children in early age science textbooks the gender bias as well. Scientific stereotyping seems to be influenced by cultural stereotyping which in itself is a drastic problem. When will it be acceptable for males and females to work together as equals in a humane environment? Academic research throughout the conversation of language in science indiscreetly displays gender bias towards males, aiding the theories that Martin addresses in her article.

In the reading of “Women’s Voices, Feminist Visons: Classic and Contemporary Readings”, I read that, “Even though differences associated with various identities intersect, they are also ranked. Masculine is placed above feminine, thin above fat, economically privileged above poor, and so forth” (Shaw & Lee, 2015, p. 51). Because of these ranking it makes it difficult to fit into what society’s see as “normal”, if people are constantly viewed differently because of their ascribed status and their achieved status.

Emily Martin’s reading about the egg and the sperm was interesting due to the fact that many people never notice how gender norms are portrayed in science. Science books are using metaphors within their text that reflect the socially constructed definitions of male and female. Martin points out that science is supporting the gender norm of women being less worthy than men in the way they describe the reproduction process. It is noted that after viewing different scientific texts about the reproductive system, none of them expressed enthusiasm for any female processes. In opposition, the male’s role is very much acknowledged and held to a high regard. Evidence of this difference is shown in the words that are used to describe each

In Emily Martin’s article “The Egg and the Sperm; How Science has Constructed a Romance Base on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles”, Martin opens up with discussing how stereotypes that are central to culture shape the picture of how the egg and the sperm are perceived; these are stereotypes of the definitions separating male and female. Such stereotypes state that female biological processes are less worthy then males, thus also stating that females are less worthy than males in general. Martin aims to uncover the gender stereotypes that are hidden in the language surrounding biological science and try to diminish their impacts on our thinking. Medical texts cast a negative light on female biological processes, while males experience positive language, celebrating sperm production and seeing female egg production as unproductive and wasteful, thus inferior (lower in rank and status). Martin tries to uncover the truth in which how positive images are denied in reference to female bodies.

The gender roles in America have changed tremendously since the end of the American Civil War. Women and men, who once lived in separate spheres are now both contributing to American society. Women have gone from the housewife so playing key roles in the country's development in all areas. Though our society widely accepts women and the idea that our society is gender neutral, the issues that women once faced in the late 1860s are still here.

The response of Why We Still Need Feminism The feminists are always believed as some minorities with bias and sexual discrimination. However, in the passage Why We Still Need Feminism, the author discerned the feminists. In the author's opinion, he persists that the feminists are the people who believes that all human have the same rights, they never persist that the women are unique or the women should have better conditions than the men. What they are pursuing is the overall fairness for the human beings.

Final project research question: What is the efficacy of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for women who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder because of Domestic violence?

Introduce, Emily Martin’s article The Egg and the Sperm. Martin’s main goal is to shine a light on gender stereotypes hidden in the language of biology (Martin 1). Explain the gender roles in scientific language. Three main points of the article, Gender bias is seen in an early age in science textbooks, science demonstrates that females do not work as hard as males, and how culturally stereotyping can lead to scientific stereotyping. Scientific language should not have a bias on gender. The facts Martin explains to prove that the biased opinions and what has been said is wrong. Men and women need to work together equally.

     In the aftermath of World War II, the lives of the women have changed dramatically. Women spoke their minds out and wanted to be heard. World War II brought them a new outlook on how they should live their lives. It encouraged women organize social movements such as boycotts and public marches pushing for their human rights and protect them against discrimination. Alongside, they formed their own organization representing them against the federal government like the NOW or National Organization for Women. Through the years, women have been struggling to fight for equal rights and unfortunately still exist even at the present in some areas. Yes, women’s status was not like what they used to back then, where their

Between the late 1700’s and the early 1900’s many American women struggled to obtain the same rights as men. The society of women as a whole had pushed for equality constantly throughout the years. Women especially obtained more equality by publicizing their reasoning and demands for equality. This, is first and foremost proven by the way women had advocated greatly for improved academics for women. Women used another good tactical approach to achieve equality by speaking out strongly against inequalities between the genders.A third example of a great leap for equality, would be the religious movement, the upsurge in religious enthusiasm allowed women to demonstrate their piety and even to found new sects; and this in turn led to change in the way the world viewed women.

Option B- Critical Analysis of: Martin, D.M, Schouten, J.W, & McAlexander, J.H. 2006. Claiming The Throttle: Multiple femininities in a hyper-masculine subculture, Consumption, Markets & Culture, 9:3, 171-205.

Some men as well as women think that part of the feminism’s definition is that women want to be men. That is so far from the truth. Having the same rights and equalities of men is not the same as wanting a penis. Feminism has a misconception of being a movement that is anti-male. An example of this thinking is a quote from Reverend Jerry Farwell “Feminists hate man. They’re sexist. They hate men - that’s the problem” (David, 1998). Some people object to the language change in feminism that is the change of a “police officer” from a “policeman”. These thoughts are from the same people who don’t believe that women should even be allowed to vote. Unfortunately some people cannot see the big picture on how the feminist movement has