Fiber Sensors For Bio Sensing

Spectroscopy is the study of light. A spectrophotometer is a machine used to determine the absorbance of light at any given wavelength. It does this by using a source of white light through a prism, which gives multiple wavelengths that can be individually focused (Ayyagari and Nigam, 2007). Substances are put into cuvettes that are glass or quartz containers that light can easily travel through. The light that is being focused travels through the substance gets absorbed by the

and what they are equipped to do. Some of these devices are able to scan and analyze , what they

AAS has contributed to the understanding of elements having different absorption emission spectra due to their difference in energy levels. In the absorption spectrum, the absorbed light are shown as black gaps. As the number of electrons increase, the number of spectral lines also increase. Hence, by measuring the absorption of light, the concentration of the element within a sample can be determined. By knowing the concentrations of an element, scientists are now aware that even the smallest amount can make a significant impact towards the biological system. Therefore, scientists have brainstormed ways to monitor the use of chemicals in the

A spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures the amount of light of a specified wavelength which passes through a medium. This instrument is usually used for the measurement of reflectance of solutions. Light is separate into different wavelengths and is being passed through the sample solution. The sample solution will have its own wavelength and will absorb a certain amount of light. The higher the molecular concentration, the higher the absorbance value.

The absorbance is measured using a Plate reader and a Standard curve is generated. Also, the different types of pipetting techniques are assessed in this Assay.

• Molecules with small differences in absorption wavelengths can be detected well due to their differences in separation time. i.e one which travels faster is measured prior to the other which is measured later. This is the prime advantages if HPLC which makes it

L-broth, or a sterile growth media, is dispensed at 35mL into a sterile 125mL flask. Small volumes of E. coli are added to each flask. Each flask is then placed into three separate shaking incubators set for specific temperatures of twenty-five degrees Celsius, thirty degrees Celsius, thirty-seven degrees Celsius, and forty-two degrees Celsius. The incubators are all set to the same shaking speed of 125 rotations per minute. A Spectrophotometer is also used to estimate the density of the culture. A spectrophotometer is a device that transmits a beam of light through space toward a light sensor (Trzepacz et. al). The spectrophotometer measures the density of the culture by measuring the amount of light that travels through to the sensor. The spectrophotometer is set to transmit light at a 600nm wavelength. In order to do so, 1.0 mL of the culture is transferred with a plastic pipet into a cuvette. To remove bubbles from the culture, the bottom of the cuvette is gently tapped. The cuvette is then placed into the spectrophotometer. While the 1.0 mL is being measured, the rest of the E. Coli culture is in the shaking incubators. Every 20 minutes, a new 1.0 mL sample is taken from the E. Coli culture in the incubators and is measured in the spectrophotometer. Four to five absorbance readings were collected during each lab period throughout the

The IDEXX Snap pro analyzer is by far the easiest and most efficient analyzer one could have in a veterinary clinic. The IDEXX Snap pro analyzer automatically snaps, times, and records the patients test results. When using this device the first thing one will need to do is go to the IDEXX vet lab station and enter in the patients person identification information. Upon enter the patients information into the vet lab station one will then need to click on the icon for the snap pro analyzer and press the run button. After pressing run, one will then need to return to the snap pro analyzer home base and click on the patients name and Identification number on the home screen of the snap pro analyzer.

(-- removed HTML --) Otoscope Physician Approved Ear Care Professional Home Medical Diagnostic - SPECv3 Fiber Optic LED (-- removed HTML --)

As seen in figure 2 below, the Alco-Sensor FST, shows the direct testing mouthpiece and LCD display.

Spectrophotometry is a routine laboratory test that has the added advantage of being able to

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In this experiment, the use of a glass cuvette was used in order to avoid any chemical or environmental interference from the surroundings. Furthermore such glass cuvettes can support large wavelengths during transmission of light beyond 320 nm since this is the excitation wavelength region. Riboflavin is excited at around 370 nm, therefore the wavelength range must be large in order to detect a proper response. Plastic cuvettes are however inadequate as the range of wavelengths supported for transmission of light is very limited (5, Upstone). The geometry of the instrument of the spectrophotofluorometer has a specific angle and position for the excitation source and the detector. The excitation polychromator emits ultra-violet radiation and light to the interested sample and the shape of the polychromator resembles a triangular prism in which the monochromator has been angled at a 90∘ position. The transducer would detect the irradiation excitation beam and transfers it through the emission polychromator. The emitted beam would then travel to the detector to allow for the response signal to appear for the sample on the computer system (416, Skoog). The position of the cuvette is essential as it enables for the consistent readings of the response signals, as any shift in the cuvette position can create variation in results due to the position of lighting and detection of molecular samples hitting at different angles. The process of fluorescence is quite sensitive than absorption due to having lower detection limits because of the fact that it can detect lone molecules in excited states that are irradiated by UV-light unless they come into contact with other molecules within

concentration, record the absorbance readings at a fixed wavelength, and plot the absorbance vs. concentration data. The wavelength of 520 nm was selected for experiment Part

Light enters one end of the fiber from a light bulb, laser, or some other source, and travels essentially unimpeded all the way to the length of the fiber where it is intercepted by a photosensitive detector such as an electronic device or even the human eye. The distance of travel varies according to the use to anywhere from just a few inches to over one-hundred and fifty miles. Fiber optic cable can transmit large amounts of information over one-hundred and fifty miles almost instantaneously. “While it takes five hours to transmit the contents of an encyclopedia over copper wires, the entire work can be transmitted in less than a minute over fiber optics” (Yawn PG).