Finally The Characteristics Of The Tissue At And Surrounding

Safety and equipment have come a long way in football in order to prevent brain injuries. A very important piece of equipment used to prevent brain trauma is the helmet. The helmet has evolved a lot over the years, even more in the past decade. The Helmets main purpose use to be just to stop skull fractures, then they added the facemask to prevent facial injuries. Concussions are more of a recent concern (Hand 1). Overconfidence in the helmets' protective power prompts many NFL athletes to deliver and accept hits that would have killed players of previous generations. Now the helmet is being revolutionized. Helmets aren't only being created to stop skull and face fractures but they are being created to help prevent brain damage such as concussions now. Helmets have gone through testing to see how to design a better preventative helmet. These newer helmets are being designed to reduce the amount of force that is being applied to the head by a hit that is received (Vandantam 2). Virginia Tech football has been monitoring helmet collisions since 2003, courtesy of Dr. Gunnar Brolinson. Dr. Gunnar Brolinson has outfitted the teams helmets with six sensors and a small antenna that records and transmits data to a computer on the sideline. This information collected is crucial because it will help find better ways to design a helmet that will prevent concussions(Goldman 1). Equipment isn't the only important part of football that can help prevent concussions.

1. Name at least four specific brain structures {not just the lobes/cortexes} that would likely be affected. Why do you think these structures are at risk for damage in a hit like the one described above?

However, most of these injury parameters are difficult to observe immediately in a laboratory mouse animal model. To establish the visible injury parameters, brief loss of consciousness was used as a symptom to evaluate the validity of this concussive TBI model. A TBI can be classified as mild if loss of consciousness (LOC) and/or confusion and disorientation is shorter than 30 minutes. In sports-related concussions, prolonged LOC lasting longer than 1 to 2 minutes is much less frequent, with most LOC lasting less than a minute in duration [11]. By optimizing the experimental conditions such as impact speed and dwell time, the LOC is less than 10 sec after an impact. The optimum impact condition is 4mm impact depth, 200ms dwell time and 4m/s impact speed. Increased impact speed and dwell time may cause acute increased intracranial pressure over a large amount of time, which may result in serve brain injury or death immediately from respiratory

Vicis, a self-proclaimed “technology company” is one of the many companies who are making an effort to tackle one of football’s biggest problems, concussions. This Seattle-based firm developed a helmet called the Zero1, “a multilayered, flexible helmet that’s particularly adept at diminishing rotational and linear impact forces. Specifically, the helmet was constructed to utilize four separate layers that work in perfect harmony with one another. It’s top layer, the Lode Shell, absorbs impact by locally deforming a specific part of a helmet” (Stella, 2016). The Zero1’s next layer is the Core Layer, “essentially bends and buckles in all directions to mitigate linear and rotational forces. Beneath that lies the Arch Shell, the interior of the helmet specifically

The goal of this project is to work towards answering the question of whether or not football helmets promote neck injuries. In order to gather data, a U of R team made a machine that rapidly changes speed while translating from side to side to stimulate a rotational acceleration and velocity about the head and neck due to an angular displacement. The purpose of this machine is to simulate an unexpected and sudden change in motion of the head in order to analyse the resulting motion. The data collected was the rotational position of the head, the linear position of the cart, and the linear position of a point on the body. All measurements were made with and without a helmet. In order to answer the main question, there had to be a further understanding of how the mechanics of the head and neck change with the addition of a helmet. To achieve this, MATLAB was used to compute the resulting velocities and accelerations, the reaction forces at the neck, and the moment about the base of the neck. From these calculations, it is possible to make observations about how the addition of a helmet affects the dynamics of the head and neck.

7. The Mythbusters recorded the angle of deflection of the dummy’s neck when bent backwards, as well as the resistance to pressure in its neck to be used as a threshold for serious injury. During the experiments, the group also collected the speed of the drop, the collision time, and the g-force exerted on the dummy’s chest, head, and neck in each simulation.

The aim of this report is to present the numerical analysis of human head response in a car accident in the sagittal plane. This is achieved by making oneself aware of the dynamic loading that arises at the instant accident occurs and the response of the human head to such loading. The response is usually biomechanical, which can be studied in terms of head acceleration due to the impact caused by the collision of the

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the result of an external force against the head that causes displacement of the cranial structures, either through impact with an object or through acceleration and deceleration. TBI is not isolated to a single ethnic group, socioeconomic class, or region (Berquist et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2013). In 2002, the United States had the highest incidence of reported TBI cases of any developed country. The incidence of hospital admissions due to closed head injuries in the United States was estimated to be approximately 200 per 100,000 people, and the number of penetrating head injuries was estimated to be 12 per 100,000—approximately 500,000 new cases in total. Many of those cases had significant

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The primary research theme of impact biomechanics is dedicated to minimizing the prevalence of injury through environmental or impact modifications. Experimental research on head impact biomechanics has been going on for at least 78 years. Some of the first studies on head injuries and skull fractures due to impacts were performed around the beginning of the 1940’s at Wayne State University by Steve Gurdjian, and Herbert Lissner. These first studies used cadaveric skulls, and anesthetized dogs to establish a tolerance curve for skull fracture. This information was applied to improve the safety of cars by changing dashboard padding to mitigate forces in event of impact against the head. This pursuit included investigation and development in

2) Correctly position the impact tip in the center of the head and establish the zero point before impacting. Unlike open head injury, the impact tip positioning is relatively difficult. First, the size of the impact tip and the impact center affect the injury degree and lesions. An optimized 9mm tip is used in this protocol. Based on mouse brain anatomy, the impact center is designed to correspond to the central sagittal suture midway between coronal and lambdoid sutures. To positioning a correct injury site, the impact tip must be adjusted to the target coordinates above the sagittal suture midway and one edge of the impact tip must be vertical parallel to an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the two ears. Due to the 9mm diameter

Among 2.4 million eye injuries every year occur in the United States, 30,000 of that invoke blindness as a result of trauma. Having a suitable numerical model of eye impact might be applicable since it would help us to figure out the mechanisms responsible for traumatic eye injuries due to the blunt impact. However, such numerical simulations are accompanying with a number of difficulties, such as the intricacy and inconsistency of the morphological and mechanical properties of the eye components, the paucity of agreement on the correlated experimental data, and the problems of defining suitable boundary conditions as well as the tissue interactions to get a set of reliable results. These difficulties can be solved if and only if a proper set of experimental data along with suitable material properties of the eye components are available.

Dr. Olympia works in the department of emergency medicine and pediatrics at Penn State Hershey Medical Center. He is now a professor at Penn State College of Medicine. He was a biology major during his undergraduate years. He discussed demographics of head trauma in children. Brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in pediatric trauma patients. In the US, head trauma in children account for 7,400 deaths and 60,000 hospitalizations. Brain injuries occur in males more than females because males tend to take more risks and are involved in contact sports. Blunt injuries are the most common. Blunt injuries are direct injury to tissues by physical trauma or acceleration, deceleration or rotational forces. Primary injury includes

Validation of the model completed through comparisons of predicted values generated by the model compared to intracranial pressure data from Nahum et al. (1977) and Trosseille et al. (1992) cadaver impact tests and brain motion against Hardy et al.’s (2001) research. The model was validated further using comparisons of real world brain injury events in order to assess its’ validity for use in injury assessment settings (Horgan, 2005; Doorly 2007). Simulations of the cadaver head impacts conducted by Nahum et al. (1977) were completed with the UCDBTM. The time histories of the cadaveric experiment against the FE simulations were compared to verify if there was good corelation. The simulated load curve was semi sinusoidal with a peak of 7,000 N and duration of 6 ms. A free boundary condition was assumed in the simulation as the neck would be unlikely to affect the results

Barzegari, Abolfazl and Amir Ata Saei. "Tissue Engineering in Microgravity Bioreactors." BioImpacts 2.1 (2012): 23-32. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 24 October 2014.