Finance : Finance A Carry Trade

Page 3: Introduction to the Financial System Page 7: Commercial Banks Page 12: The Share Market and the Corporation Page 15: Corporations Issuing Equity into the Share Market Page 19: Investors in the Share Market Page 24: Short-term Debt Page 28: Medium- to Long-term Debt Page 32: Interest Rate Determination and Forecasting Page 37: The Foreign Exchange Market Page 40: Factors that Influence the Exchange Rate Page 42: Futures Contracts and Forward Rate Agreements Page 47: Options

The Balance of Payments in India mainly relies on services exports, remittances and the course capital flows, both foreign direct investments (FDI) and FII. It is very essential that all market participants, such as banks and other intermediaries be provided with the wherewithal so that they can undertake a risk management in a way that is scientific. One of the ways to access domestic, foreign exchange markets is to hedge on the underlying foreign exchange exposures. In addition, the facilities that are available as the booking of forward contracts were included in the domestic forex market in order to evolve and acquire volumes and depth (Sumanth, 2012). Some of the newer hedging instruments have put in place swaps and options in the

Currency exchange rates can be categorised as floating, in which case they constantly change based on a number of factors, or they can subsequently be fixed to another currency, where they still float, but they additionally move in conjunction with the currency to which they are pegged. Floating rates are a reflection of market movement, demonstrating the principles of both demand and supply, as well as limit imbalances in the international financial system. Fixed exchange rates are predominantly used by developing countries as they are preferred for their greater stability. They grant further control to central banks to set currency values, and are often used to evade market abuse. (MacEachern, A. 2008; Simmons, P.

Currency exposures assume many forms: they can be assets or liabilities; current or committed; contracted or merely forecast; they can be for trade, investment or balance sheet purposes. Cases of currency exposure can emerge at any point along the value chain, with various repercussions. Each requires a transfer of funds, and for each the rate of exchange is uncertain. Examples of different types of currency exposures are presented below.

There are lots of methods to solve the changes in foreign currency and interest rates issue, however, derivative financial instruments are the major tunes Nike enterprise has used to tackle this issue. Despite the fact that this approach does not wipe out comprehensively the risk of foreign exchange, Nike enterprise still utilize it to minimize or delay the negative consequences. Specifically, the derivative financial instruments comprise embedded derivatives, interest rate swap, and foreign exchange forwards and options contracts (Nike annual report, 2014).

To investigate this global impact, the first challenge we encounter is what is the beginning and ending period for this economic event. To find more reliable time frame, we use the timeline of the global financial crisis given by Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. This timeline is also adopted by Shynkevich (2016). In this global event, we can see several positive arbitrage profit occur in these 4 different maturities (mostly seen in 1-month and 3-months). Furthermore, in terms of average arbitrage profit, the average arbitrage profit of USD to GBP is greater than that of GBP to USD in only 3-months maturity.

In the similar time period Japanese Yen has been in the third position with a turnover position of 20.8% in the year 2005. The overall financial market currency structure has seen a decline in the turnover position of the US Dollar to 85% from a strong position of 88%. Similarly a decline has been in the position of the Japanese Yen to 17.2% from an acceptable turnover position of 20.8%. While considering the trend of these two currencies during the period starting from 2007 and ending at 2010, it is to be noted that minute changes were seen in the two different currencies with regards to their share in foreign currency market. The US Dollar witnessed a continued fall to 84.9% from its previous 85.6% however, the Japanese Yen saw a rise from its previous position of 17.2% to an increase of1.8% that is 19%. During the same time period the US dollar and Japanese Yen were the second most traded paired currencies and was traded at around 14% of the overall foreign currency market second to the US Dollar and Euro pair. Conclusion The foreign exchange market has seen considerable changes owing to the global financial crisis. It is to be seen how different factors like economy and global politics further impact strong currencies like the US Dollar and other competing currencies such as the Japanese Yen.

Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates may have an adverse impact on profitability and cause cash flow to be somewhat unpredictable for budget planning purposes.

The starting point of any foreign exchange risk management plan is to identify the exchange exposure faced. In controlling the foreign exchange risk, currency options have attained acceptance as very helpful tools due to their exclusive nature. They are very critical and convey a much wider range of hedging alternatives. Call options provide the right to the buyer to purchase the

Summary: As the Mexican Peso, financial markets hit record lows it has lead investors across the globe to hedge on emerging markets, which are nations that are in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. As it stands the peso is one of the currencies that has very few limitations on trading has been very attractive to investors looking to hedge bullish positions by going short or betting the peso will decline. A trade that has been quite popular amongst investor has been to buy Brazilian stocks and selling the peso due to the Brazilian currency controls. Although the

In the aftermath of the financial crisis and due to fears that the dollar might lose its predominant status, the search for alternative currencies has intensified. Although it is improbable that a shift from the dollar will happen in the near future, private investors and central bankers have highlighted the need for portfolio diversification towards alternative currencies. In the first quarter of 2013, about 94 percent of allocated foreign exchange reserves comprised of holdings in the 5 traditional reserve currencies: dollar, euro, pound sterling, Swiss francs, and Japanese yen. On the other hand, other currencies accounted for just 6 percent of allocated foreign exchange reserves . Besides the emerging market currencies

AIFS is an American based company that offers travel abroad and exchange study services to both college and high school students. While AIFS’s revenues are denominated in American Dollars (USD), most of their costs are in foreign currencies as Euros (EUR) and British Pounds (GBP). Consequently, foreign exchange hedging has a crucial importance for the company because it provides protection against different types of risk that derive from its activity.

This report is created with a discussion over several important international finance topics for instance, interest-rate parity, currency risk management, regarding description on Carrefour S.A. financing policies as well as hedging strategy. Additionally, we also discussed on which currency Carrefour should issue its 10-year, 750 million euro, annual coupon bond, its foreign currency risk exposure and a possible hedging decision in dealing with any or all of the identified risks.

Among the most fundamental risks, associated with exchange-traded derivatives, is variable degree of risk. According to Ernst, Koziol, & Schweizer (2011), the transactions in

Great Eastern Toys is a company in Hong Kong that exports a huge percent of its total sales to the North American and European markets and hence is exposed to currency risk. Previously, the company was occupied with expanding their business and the company 's management had never given much attention to currency risk until their recent meeting with their banker. The banker pointed out that the depreciation of the European currencies during the previous two years had resulted in a substantial loss of income. The company 's management was indeed convinced that they should begin to devote more time and manage their currency position. In this report, we are going to explore the different options for Great Eastern Toys to hedge