Financial Terms and Roles Paper

Introduction to the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial instruments can be: • Equity This is usually through the selling of common shares and/or common stock. It gives the buyer some ownership of the firm and thus, voting power when it comes to electing the board of directors. Debt This is money that is borrowed from someone else. Debt must be repaid at set intervals. Debt can be divided into short and long-term debt. This should follow the matching principle where short-term assets should be funded with short-term debt.

Debt capital: borrowing someone else’s money to finance the business under the condition that the money plus accrued interest must be paid back in full by an agreed upon date in the future

Bonds are a debt investment where investors lend money to a company or entity (i.e. government). Some features of a bond are they have a face value, have a maturity date, used to raise funds, some are tax exempt, risk of default if company goes under, and bought for less than maturity value. One example happened in America during World War II when the government started selling war bonds to help fund the war and to help take money out of circulation to help control spending. At the time you could buy a $25 bond for $18.75 that would mature in 10 years. They give a yield of only 2.9%. There are three main categories of bonds 1) corporate, issued by companies 2) municipal bonds,

What is the analogous for-profit statement called? What are the main sections of the statement of operations?

Creditors: These are the entities who lend money to an organisation(s) with the expectation that it will be repaid.

Leverage ratios show creditors and investors the amount of assets purchased used by borrowed money.

Debt, the financial fall in which you intend to save yourself from. Navigating a way forward without falling into any pitfalls, is worth trying. The world of credit is a maze, waiting to be solved. Only a few has passed and many have failed. Debt is a “liability or obligation to pay or render something”(dictionary). In order to figure out this credit maze, we must first have an understanding of what credit is. The only way to get into this debt is from not being aware of credit. Credit is “the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future”(dictionary). This credit maze has many different situations that you may encounter with such as student loans. This student debt

Loan – this refers to the money borrowed by the company, for example, for productions costs. This money is expected to be paid back to the lender with interest.

4. Financial assets are receivables between companies where they both agree with the contractual rights that they will receive cash or other financial assets (Donald Kieso).

Debt financing is when money is borrowed from a lender that you intended to pay back including interest. Some pros of debt financing are that you are in control of how that capital can be spent. In some cases there will be certain restrictions included from the lender but for the most part you are in control. That is

The Gearing Ratio or Leverage Ratio is often used to describe this process. Resources of financing include but are not limited to corporate bonds, firm equity, and hybrid securities. Modigliani and Miller (1963) showed that existence of liabilities in a company can increase the firm value under assumptions. Ross et al (2009) claimed that utilization of debt has limitation. Graham and Harvey (2001) studied factors that affected utilization of debt. Others have proposed a Trade-off Theory of Capital Structure which states a company should balance the benefit of debt and the risk of agency costs.The difference between current assets and current liabilities is working capital. This difference shows the ability of a firm to pay off short-term debt. Working capital involves the arrangement of short term financing and investments (liabilities and assets).The standards of evaluating working capital management are closely related to some accounting ones, such as Cash Conversion Cycle, Return on Assets (ROA),Return on Equity (ROE) and so on.

Debt financing, by contrast, is cash borrowed from a lender at a fixed rate of interest and with a predetermined maturity date. The principal must be paid back in full by the maturity date, but

Finance is the study of applying specific value to things we own, services we use and decisions we make. Financial management is the process for and the analysis of making financial decisions in the business context. The major subareas of finance are investments, financial management, financial institutions, market, and international finance. Risk is a potential future negative impact to value and or cash flow. It is often discussed in terms of probability of loss and the expected magnitude of the loss.

However, the issuance of debt can have signalling effects for investors. Generally, when firms issue debt it signals to investors that the firm is in a good financial situation as the firm is able to undertake repayments of future interest.

Bonds: bonds are also long term debts that are issued by government or business, which indicates that an amount of money has