Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

If the FIT comes back positive the client is then offered further diagnostic testing, which is usually a colonoscopy (MOH, 2017). The FIT is particularly important for the detection of colorectal cancer as 80% of patients with this test positive (“Fecal occult blood tests”, 2016). A colonoscopy involves a doctor inserting a flexible scope into the anus, to visualise the interior walls of the rectum and colon (“Colonoscopy, assisting”, 2016). During the colonoscopy, the doctor is able to remove any polyps in the colonic or rectal wall and/or take samples as required (“Colonoscopy, assisting”, 2016; MOH, 2017). Any samples that are taken are sent to the laboratory where a diagnosis can be made, usually within a period of two weeks (Davis at al., 2016, p.305).

Tests to see if you have other types of tumors in other parts of the body.

Once the biopsy is obtained rom the surgeon, aseptic technique should be used in order to minimize any contamination of the specimen. Since the tissue being extracted form the body, time will be of an essence due to the live tissue dying as time goes on. The tumor cells will be looked at under a microscope in order to determine weather a patient has

For this lab I had to prick my finger, then with the bleach solution I had to dab it and then carefully drop the blood on the slide. Once I was finished I had to take the second slide and smear the blood. I had to let the slide dry. Then I had to prick my finger again and make 3 more slides. Then I had to mix the chemical with a toothpick and then look under with the microscope.

Tissue samples that are obtained with one kind of biopsy may not give a clear diagnosis, and the biopsy may need to be repeated using a different method.

Physicians can perform tests on DNA, RNA and cell proteins to determine if cancer is present within the body. After an individual discovers a sign that leads them to believe that cancerous cells are present within their body, an assessment of a biopsy is the most accurate and common procedure to determine the presence and type of cancer. A biopsy is a process in which a small sample of body tissue is removed and examined by an expert. These processes of detection lead to the declaration of cancer type and viable treatment plans.

MRI may also be used. ERCP is also used in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound is useful in identifying small tumors and in performing fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the primary tumor or lymph nodes. Cells obtained during ERCP are sent to the laboratory for analysis. GI x-ray findings may demonstrate deformities in adjacent organs caused by the impinging pancreatic mass.(Goldman & Schafer, 2012; Otherman & Wallace, 2012)

During these lab tests, specially trained technicians will be able to determine if they contain cancer, have a potential to develop into malignant masses or if their characteristics indicate other polyps may form in the same area in the future.

A blood sample is required for this test. It is usually collected by inserting a needle into a blood vessel.

Tumour markers are detectable cancer cells that are found in the spinal fluid, urine or blood (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). They can include enzymes, hormones, antigens or genes (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).Tumour markers are beneficial, in that they are able to identify high risk cancers in individuals (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). They also help by diagnosing different cancer types (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).There are different markers that are able to identify different cancer types (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). For example, Prostrate-specific antigen (PSA) identifies prostate cancer cells and a-fetoprotein (AFP) identifies Hepatic cancer cells (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). There is a disadvantage of using tumour markers, and that is that some non-cancerous tissues produce markers (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). Therefore, to determine whether a patient has cancer, additional tests are necessary (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).

Diagnosis of cancer typically requires obtaining a tissue specimen from the patient by a doctor. A histologic exam of the tissue specimen is performed by a pathologist to determine if cancer is present. If you're diagnosed with a form of cancer then you certainly want to contact a cancer treatment center through your doctor and obtain the treatment that is right for you. Many of

• A biopsy. This is sample taken from the nodule (biopsy) to make sure that the nodule is benign.

The histopathology labs will receive specimens of tissue that has been taken from the patient, and these samples will usually be sub stained in a formalin-based fixative within containers that are labelled with patient’s details (that are done under the data protect act) along with the hazard warnings.

If Lung Cancer is suspected a few other tests can be used in conjunction to make a final determination of lung cancer

A drop of blood is added into each test tube and they are left for 5 min.;