Fipronil Overpopulation

9. How would the soil biota be affected by using traditional chemical pesticides and would this differ from using transgenic methods? Which method would be safer and why?

The present work the pesticides included in this study, were selected on the basis of their wide use in vegetable production in Fars province. we were carried out to assess the residues of the recommended pesticides under protected greenhouse condition following their applications including investigate the suitable residue determination procedures for selected pesticides, using analytical techniques such as

Fungicides are a class of pesticides that are designed to kill or limit the growth of harmful fungi. "Understanding mechanisms of fungicide action and toxicity is important because humans and domesticated animals encounter these pesticides through a wide variety of applications. In agriculture, fungicides are used to protect tubers, fruits and vegetables during storage or are applied directly to ornamental plants, trees, field crops, cereals and turf grasses" (Hasan 2010: 349). It is very easy to inadvertently and indirectly consume fungicides as a result because of their ubiquitous use, even though many of the components of fungicides can be harmful to human health, animal health and to the environment as a whole.

While SB samples had a greater abundance of Acidobacteria snf DA052 compared to HH1 samples, the situation was reversed in the case of Solibacteres, with HH1 samples showing greater relative abundance. Spartobacteria, Armatimonadia, and Nostocophycideae were found to be represented more at HH1 than at SB or RP, but higher numbers of Ktedonobacteria were seen at RP and SB than at HH1. The relative proportion of Gammaproteobacteria also was higher at HH3 and SB than at HH1 (Table 1S).

The microbes found in soil go hand in hand with the microbes found in our bodies, especially the gut microbiome. Soil is used to grow various plants and crops which we then ingest. As stated in Healthy Soil Microbes, Healthy People, we have completely destroyed soil microbes by overusing fertilizers and pesticides just like how we have destroyed our gut microbes by ingesting processed foods and large amounts of antibiotics. Soil microbes, including bacteria and fungi, form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to help provide the plant with many nutrients needed to survive. In order to restore and improve the soil once again, we need to reintroduce bacteria and fungi that are capable of repairing the damage. Through recent technological advances, the soil microbiome was genetically sequenced. This allows farmers and other scientists to understand which microorganisms are

“ Without soil, land plants as we know them could not grow, and without plants no animals could survive”(53). This quote shows the great importance of one of our most important resources soil. “Perhaps the most important organisms in the soil, are the smallest-the invisible hosts of bacteria and threadlike fungi”(54). And, this quote shows how important the small organisms are. These include bacteria, fungi, and insects, which play such are large roll in life and are commonly being overlooked. One way they are being overlooked is by having chemicals sprayed on them and no one wonders what will happen. Well, if you are spraying chemicals to kill insects, it is most definite that the insects, such as earthworms, are going to be killed as well. These organisms are what make our soil so fertile, and without them we won’t be able to grow as much food. That being said, if we continue to plague the organisms of the soil with chemicals eventually, we will have less soil. We will no longer be able to grow as much crop due to this and we will not sustain the same lifestyle that we had

This suggests that the roadsides was once beautiful and bloomed with healthy and lively vegetation; however, they are now destroyed due to the use of pesticides. From these examples, it can be shown that even though pesticide is beneficial, its deadly effects outweigh its benefits; in addition, it is a dangerous substances to the environment, organisms, and even human.

Although the use of pesticides, chemical agents, and herbicides are used agriculturally on multiple sources, they can become a risk factor in how they alter the ecology of the land, foliage, and animals. One such chemical agent was used excessively (20,000,000 gallons) as the favored “treatment” for defoliation in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. It was sprayed over several areas which exposed soldiers, Vietnamese, and machinery to its potentially harmful chemical composition. This herbicide known as Agent Orange or TCDD contained a plethora of phenoxy herbicides marked by multiple dioxy chemical impurities. Agent Orange, after the war, has been studied and linked to heightening risk to various forms of cancer, development of autoimmune disease,

By not using multiple chemicals to control crops, organic farming also ends up being better for the environment. Organic farmers use natural fertilizers such as manure so that they do not release artificial chemicals into the ground (“Organic Food”). In June of 1999 a report made by the U.S. Geologic Survey, found that most waterways and ground water supplies in both urban and rural areas contained enough pesticides to endanger aquatic life (“pesticides”). These chemicals can also leak into streams and encourage the growth of algae and intoxicate the water (“298 John P. Reganold et.al”). Furthermore studies have found that water contaminated with pesticides may accumulate in the

Use of pesticides can result in residue levels in commodities and in the immediate environments, such as soil, biota and aquatic systems.

In conclusion, the comparison between the spring and summer experiments demonstrated that the treatments mostly showed significant results, but both factors (temperature and nutrient availability) had the biggest influence on the microbial metabolism. Nitrate was a limiting factor in the summer experiment; therefore, microbes did not grow as much as they did in the spring experiment. Microbes preferred to grow in the dispersant and dispersed oil treatments than in the oil treatment, which indicates that dispersant had a big impact on microbial metabolism and influenced their degradation ability.

Environmental conditions change the way that pesticide moves and interacts with an environment. Rainfall, temperature, and wind can all move pesticides out of their target zone. These environmental factors can also impact the escape of pesticide through volatilization. Volatilization is a means of major pesticide loss and its rate of loss can often exceeds that of degradation, runoff, or leaching (van der Werf, 1996). For example, in an Oregon study, soil samples 64km from any agriculture were found to have DDT residues, and in Saskatchewan, Canada, 20% of 2, 4-D iso-octyl ester volatilized in 24 hours (Pimentel, 1995). Once in the atmosphere, pesticide residues can spread anywhere, even

- The isolated colony was then inoculated with nutrient broth and incubated again at 370c for 24hours in anaerobic conditions. The bacterial growth was checked by changes in the broth turbidity.

Once implemented, the long-term economic costs of biological control will often be lower than alternative synthetic chemical controls because pesticides require repeated application for ongoing efficacy. Biological control agents often exhibit high target specificity, unlike pesticides which often result in non-target organisms being affected. Pesticides can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the food chain and the chemicals can leach through the soil negatively affecting other organisms. Biological controls will continually target the pest while not affecting other potentially beneficial coexisting organisms. Unlike chemical controls, biological controls are self-perpetuating, and the pests upon which they are acting usually do not develop a resistance, or are slow to develop a resistance. With proper research and understanding, the natural occurrence of biological controls can make their use safer to humans and other organisms than that of synthetic

One concern about pesticides and herbicide usage is the amount of residues left on the end product of crops sprayed with the chemicals, and their effects on human health. (Williamson, 2007, p. 184). However, these effects are closely tested and levels are strictly regulated to ensure there is no danger from possible pesticide residues. Since 1910, many rules, regulations, and agencies have been formed to monitor the safety of the pesticides and herbicides used in conventional farming. These chemicals must meet specific safety standards in order to be registered for use, and regulations on levels of each product safe for use are also put in place. (Tafel et al.,2007, p.184). All pesticides are rigorously examined to ensure they have no significant effects on human health, or the environment. The residues in the food chain are closely monitored, and regularly tested, to ensure they are below legal limits. In a recent survey of residues