Fiscal and Monetary Policies

The Federal Reserve is the single entity in control of the monetary policy of the United State of America. Monetary policy is the process that the Federal Reserve takes in order to control the supply of money and to attempt the control the direction of interest rates. The reason for doing these actions is in attempt to control the country’s inflation and employment rates, which are the biggest indicators and factors of a healthy economy.

Federal Reserve can be very confusing to understand and know what is their purpose and how they help the economy. The Federal Reserve was started in December 23,1913 by President Woodrow Wilson who sign the Federal Reserve Act. The Fed has many things that it controls in are economy. One of the Reason that President Woodrow Wilson put the Federal Reserve Act in to place because in 1913 there were a feel that banks were instable so many investors did not feel confident in the banks and felt that it was unsafe. One thing that made Woodrow Wilson make the Federal reserve is the people making a run on the banks frequently, which many bank at this time did not keep enough money in the bank and people panic heard about other banks falling so they would try and get all their money out of the banks as fast as possible. With so many people running on the bank would cause the bank to fell which became a big problem following the Great Depression. Then Woodrow Wilson need to find a way to make the bank safer and build a more secure financial system. One thing to understand is also the monetary policy which refers to Fed nation central bank, which influence the amount of money and credit in the U.S. economy and how we spend money and credit affects interest rates which help the U.S economy perform. However, the monetary policy main reason it to promote maximum employment, stable prices, and long term interest rates which help the feds control the economic growth.

To be more precise in the way the monetary policy works, it is under three implements that define its functions: open market operations, changes in the discount rate, and changes in the required reserve ratio. These are the functions that provide the Federal Reserves (the Fed) the ability to change the money supply in our economy. It is a matter of actions taken to maintain our country in the best way possible and, of course, stability comes with a price. With things like supporting our troops in other countries, like Iraq and Afghanistan, a cut in tax rates, and increases in overall spending, it adds up to where we have spent more than we have collected in revenue (Fix the

The United Stated Federal Reserve Board (the Fed), a component of the Federal government, conducts monetary policy. The Fed essentially plays the role for the nation’s banks that these banks play for us. Just as we borrow money from the banks, the banks borrow money from the Fed. Just as we pay interest on the money we borrow, banks pay interest on the money that they borrow from the Fed. The Fed can use monetary policy to decrease unemployment by lowering the interest rate that it charges banks. If banks are able to pay a lower interest rate to borrow from the Fed, they are likely to lower the interest rate that they charge the

It is clear that the economic policy in general and the monetary policy in particular should be concerned with the overall economic well-being. In this paper we propose to discuss this core topic. We will provide an overall picture of the functioning mechanism. In this regard, the discussion will develop around the governmental policies and of FED, and their scope on the free market. The argumentation will refer to the notion of common good and will try to establish if the measures applied by FED have fulfilled their intended purpose given the recent international financial crises of 2007.

In the first part of this paper, I will discuss the effect that the expansionary fiscal policy had on the Federal government and the impact on these changes the expansionary fiscal policy when it came to taxes and Government spending. Let’s start by talking about how taxes had to have necessary changes when it came to expansionary fiscal policy. You can think of taxes as being taxes that come from consumer spending, taxes on checks or even taxes on things you own. When thinking of what taxes affect the only

United States Federal Reserve system, also known as Federal Reserve or simply “Fed” is the United States central banking system. The Federal Reserve took inception in 1913, after the adoption of the Federal Reserve Act. The United States Congress has mandated three macroeconomic objectives to the Federal Reserve. These are minimum levels of unemployment, prices stability and keeping in check the rates of interests. Over the years, the role of Federal Reserve has expanded. It now formulates the country’s monetary policies, conducts supervision and regulation of the banking institutions, maintenance of the financial

The Great Recession lasted from December of 2007 until June of 2009, making it the longest recession since World War II. During this time, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and interest rates were all greatly affected. The previously mentioned metrics are used to compare today’s economy to the economy during the Great Recession to see how the United States has rebounded since 2009. Monetary and fiscal policies were also implemented to combat the recession, and their effects determine whether or not the policies have a lasting effect in continuing to help the U.S. economy rebound.

The term monetary policy refers to what the Federal Reserve, the nation’s central bank, does to influence the amount of money and credit in the U.S economy. The main goals of this policy are to achieve or maintain full employment, as well as, a high rate of economic growth, and to stabilize prices and wages. By enforcing an effective monetary policy, the Federal Reserve System can maintain stable prices, thereby supporting conditions for long-term economic growth and maximum employment. Up until the early 20th century experts felt that monetary policy had little use in influencing the economy. After WWII inflationary trends caused governments to ratify measures that decreased inflation by restricting growth in the money supply.

The economic meaning of a recession is that the gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined for two or more consecutive quarters. Unemployment rises, housing falls, stocks fall and the economy is in trouble. Whenever the government sees that the economy is entering a recession it is important for it to act. The U.S acted in two ways during the Great recession of 2008 through fiscal and monetary policies. Renaud Fillieule identifies that “ Monetary and credit expansions have been the main tools used by the U.S. government and central bank to try and recover economically from the Great Recession of 2008” (Fillieule r, Pg. 99 2016). These Keynesian policies are debatable among economist, none the less they were implemented and put the U.S on the road to recovery.

When the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) wants to increase the money supply, they buy up government bonds from the public on the bonds markets (Mankiw, 2009). The result of buying bonds puts money in the pockets of the public, if the Fed wants to decrease the money supply, they sell off bonds. It is generally thought that when the public has more money available to them, they will consume more. This increased consumption should lead to an overall increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and expansion of the economy.

Monetary policy uses changes in the quantity of money to alter interest rates, which in turn affect the level of overall spending . “The object of monetary policy is to influence the nation’s economic performance, as measured by inflation”, the employment rate and the gross domestic product, an aggregate measure of economic output. Monetary policy is controlled by

Monetary Policy, in the United States, is the process by which the Federal Reserve controls the money supply to promote economic growth and stability. It is based on the relationship between interest rates of the economy and the total supply of money. The Federal Reserve uses a variety of monetary policy tools to control one or both of these.

      Monetary policy is under the control of the Federal Reserve System and is completely discretionary. It is the changes in interest rates and money supply to expand or contract aggregate demand. In a recession, the Fed will lower interest rates and increase the money supply. The Federal Reserve System’s control over the money supply is the key Mechanism of monetary policy. They use 3 monetary policy tools- Reserve Requirements, Discount Rates/Interest Rates, and Open Market Operations. The reserve requirement is the percentage of bank deposits a bank must hold in reserves and cannot loan out. By raising or lowering the reserve requirements, the Fed controls the amount of loanable funds. The interest rate is the amount the FED charges private banks, so they can meet the reserve requirements. The prime rate is currently set at 5%. If the Interest rate is low, the banks will borrow more money from the FED and the money supply will increase. Interest rates have been above average for the past 20 years, but are currently considered low. Open Market Operations is the most effective and most used

Over the past ten years, we have seen a weary world with uncertain economic turns with more downswings than upswings. Some might say the worst affected economies have been the once invincible super-powers of the western world such as Western Europe and the United States. The ongoing uncertainties of the Euro as well as numerous bailouts have caused more speculation and fewer expectations. Critics argue that with proper policies and regulations the financial meltdown could have been assessed more efficiently or altogether prevented. The realization of uncontrollable powers such as political environments, foreign economies,