Fish Disease Outbreak And Prevention

The world has seen several infectious diseases as time goes on from typhoid to strep, smallpox, meningitis, the common flu and many more. Through the use and progression of vaccines, many deadly and horrible diseases have been completely cured or side

Vaccines are one of the most unknown topics for people. They inject their body with chemicals without regard to what is going into their body and how it is affecting it. I, also, am guilty of doing this. To remove my ignorance and inform others, I am going to research more on this topic. By writing this paper, I am hoping to shed more light on this unfamiliar concept.

Aquaculture can be defined as farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants both in freshwater and saltwater. It has a wide range of ownerships from small family business to multimillionaire global industries.1It provides many job opportunities throughout the world. As an example Canadian aquaculture industry valued $ 5 billion Canadian dollars provides more than 130 000 jobs only in Canada.2Accelerated growth of aquaculture causes series of problems to both human health and environment.3Most bacterial species resides both in animals and well as in human will pathogenic to both. transfer of pathogens between the two host species is a common situation for most organisms.4 Most of the developing country aquatic farms are non-hygienic and stressful. This will lead to an increase of bacterial infection among most aquatic species. As a preventative and curative method farmers mix a huge amount of antimicrobial products with the aquatic feed.5 Since aquaculture is a global industry, Implemented laws and regulations are different from country to country. It is very difficult to implement global regulations relating to antimicrobial use.1

One of the most commonly shared beliefs about aquaculture is that it has potential to amplify and transfer disease/parasites to wild fish populations, but strict management practices and guidelines have been utilized and supplemented to ensure that US farming operations mitigate current and potential environmental risks associated with aquaculture (NOAA, 2015). Among these practices are regular diver-led inspections to investigate the integrity of nets and net infrastructure, surveillance cameras and even public webcam feeds that monitor the fish farms and in particular monitor efficient use of feed, regular health inspections in efforts to have a head start on disease prevention and detection, and “comprehensive sanitary and biosecurity programs to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests or diseases from one farm site/cage to another or into the environment.” (NOAA, 2015). Additionally, movements are being made to stop the spreading of disease and to limit oceanic pollution by containing salmon in solid tanks rather than in netting. “In Washington State, Domsea Farms has launched a land-based, freshwater system to produce coho salmon.” (David Suzuki Foundation, n.d.) This method is not only environmentally sound, but it opens up aquacultural boundaries. By containing fish in these large tanks, there is potential for salmon aquaculture to

Scientists have studied the impact of water borne pathogens over time. Just how dependent human life is on the waterways is one such question which arises. The study involves the effect of such pathogens on human life. This study was narrowed down to the area of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay each weekend is occupied for recreational use. Such activities as swimming, fishing, and body surfing are common place. Normally each year thousands of pounds of seafood are distributed from out of the bay. There is a vast amount of people who come to visit the area each year.

Scientists studying fish in the Chesapeake Bay stated that they have discovered mycobacteria in some of the fish, causing ulcers, emaciation and sometimes death. The article also talks about this kind of mycobacteria having harmful effects on humans. People should be more careful about dealing with fish in the Chesapeake Bay. While the scientists are still studying and learning about this new discovery, they are also looking into and leaning towards prevention. According to the article, “Mycobacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay fish”, “Studies are currently underway to

Throughout time, humans have pushed forward in every aspect in life in order to improve their living standards, wealth and most importantly the agricultural sector which is the base of every human race. Food is the basic requirement for any individual to stay alive and healthy. In an article by Tamsin McMahon, she states that over the past 60 years, the world population has grown from 2.5 billion to 7 billion while world hunger dropped from 40% down to 15% (McMahon T., July 2012). This shows that our agricultural advances through technology have helped control world hunger and decrease it by more than half, but this is a short-term solution if we want to consider the future generations that depend on our current actions toward the three main pillars of agriculture which are: Health and nutrition, Economy and sustainability all while considering the local small farms and corporate farms.

The global use of vaccines has been very successful in reducing the incidence of infectious diseases and their associated complications. For centuries, infectious diseases were the most common cause of disability and death in the world. Until the 19th century, it was not known what caused these diseases and why some people became seriously ill with an infection while others were less affected.

Amid all of the heated debates about the pros and cons of vaccines, it is quite easy to get lost when medical terms are bandied about by both sides. It is impossible to create an informed opinion on the topic without understanding exactly what is being discussed. The origins of the modern vaccine can

The abundance of V. vulnificus in coastal water was strongly correlated to water temperature. The isolation of cultivable forms is limited to the warmest months. Maugeri TL et al reported that V. vulnificus was isolatd only when the water temperature was between 20 to 21.5°C (Maugeri et al. 2006). In the present study, the bacterium was isolated during the summer season (average water temperature of 25°C). It seems that this finding can show association of the cultivable forms on high water temperature. In the current research, V. vulnificus was not found in any samples obtained in the spring (average water temperature of 15°C). In the Gulf of Mexico V. vulnificus was not isolated when seawater temperatures were <14°C (Pfeffer et al. 2003).When the water temperatures reach to less than 13°C, V. vulnificus strains enter the VBNC state in which they are metabolically active but unable to reproduce on common culture media (Nowakowska and Oliver 2013, Wu et al. 2016). In conclusion, with regard to the presence of V. vulnificus in the area under study, the bacterium may cause disease in swimming who have open

Vaccines are considered the number one health achievement of the twentieth century ("Achievements in Public Health”). Mass vaccinations and the herd immunity they provide are believed to have saved countless lives since their introduction. On average it takes the body a week or longer to detect, identify, and build up antibodies to unknown microbes. For some diseases a week is long enough to inflict lasting

It is perceived to be a social standard in society to uphold high beliefs in vaccinations. Medical professionals as well as historic scientific research support the progression of immunization and its historical triumph against infection and disease. For example, English physician Edward Jenner pioneered the smallpox vaccine, which opened the doors for more ventures into the world of vaccinations. Due to the advancement in technology of the 21st century, we are able to address more diseases and create new components for vaccines to help find innovative ways to distribute them and test effectiveness. The progress in science has always been the driving force for the development and improvement of an effective vaccine. With the second golden age

During the last two decades Marine farming of Atlantic salmon has become an important food-producing industry. There has been a rapid growth in the development of this industry but simultaneously facing major health issues in fish. Usage of vaccination can controls many of the most important bacterial diseases but viral diseases have been more difficult to control. This is because the Atlantic salmon are more prone to viral diseases at the early stage of their life.(Rimstad, E., & Mjaaland, S. (April 01, 2002).) Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a major disease of Atlantic salmon,caused by an orthomyxovirus (ISAV). Outbreaks of unexplained mortalities attributed to infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) were examined in the 1996 year class of Atlantic

Furthermore, regarding the main findings, this study has huge impact on the development of current knowledge in the preventing of CyHV-2 distribution particularly to strengthen the quarantine system by proposing a strict quarantine policy especially related to the certification freedom infection from CyHV-2 for all exported gold fish

In recent years Pacific salmon have felt the true burdens of the aquaculture productions of farmed salmon in the natural rivers that have hosted these salmon for centuries. Salmon farming has been on the rise since the early 1990s and over these twenty-five years, it has put an immense amount of pressure on the wild salmon population and their ability to spawn. These negative impacts can be directly link to numerous problems with farmed salmon, which includes the pollution and contamination they produce to nearby water sources. Next, is the dilemma that farmed Salmon have is the negative affect they have on migrating wild Salmon. Their interaction can causes diseases to spread to wild pacific salmon while they swim close to the farms during their seasonal runs. Another major concern with disturbance is the interbreeding between farmed salmon and wild salmon. The final problem, is the health risks that are associated with consuming higher concentrations of possible toxic and carcinogenic contaminant often found in farmed salmon meat. The act of raising salmon in a aquaculture environment can be detrimental to the ecosystem and humans of BC, because of the pollution, contamination, disturbance farmed salmon have on wild salmon and more importantly, the health risks aquaculture has on humans.