Fissure Essay

The airway is divided into two main parts, upper and lower. The upper airway includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal cords. The lower airways includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, as well as the lungs, although whether the lungs are part of the lower airway or another part among themselves is still a hotly debated topic. Respiration is controlled in the brain by the medulla and the pons, with an exception being the Hering-Breuer reflex controlled by the stretch receptors. Breathing is considered a both voluntary and involuntary action, as humans can override their involuntary breathing,

Air escaped from the lung into the pleural space. Eventually, enough air collected in the pleural space to cause the mediastinum to shift twoard the right. The collapsed left lung, increased intrapleural pressure, and rightward shift make it difficult to ventilate A.W.

Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5-C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerve’s motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction.

The cervical spinal nerve C3-5 innervate the phrenic nerve. These are the lower motor neurons.

to the right and left lung. After entering the lungs, the branches subdivide, finally emerging as

Pt received AP diameter X-ray to confirm tube placement and to see if there were any kind of infiltrates because of possible aspiration and to eliminate possible pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Findings included mild patchy infiltrates in the right upper to middle lobes. The left lower lobe also has some similar findings but less concerning. This may either be due to lung infection or pulmonary

Left lung is whitened out. However, patent flow was seen in the LPA though the flow it is diminished in the area corresponding to left upper lobe. Normal levophase was identified with possible single common left pulmonary vein.

The axillary nerve connects the main shoulder muscle (deltoid) to an arm bone (humerus) and three arm muscles (teres minor, teres major, triceps). The humerus and these four muscles muscles form a space in the back of the shoulder. This space is where the axillary nerve is located.

Corresponding upper motor neuron innervation for the aforementioned motor component are also involved. The second and third parts encompass the mechanoreceptor system, which responds to stretch and irritants to regulate the rate and volume of respiration, and the chemoreceptor system.

With attention to her pulmonary system, I counted her breaths per minute. She had a rate of 26 which was high and her RN was notified. I inspected for symmetry in breath and observed her chest was broader than it was wide from anterior to posterior. Her skin tone was even and the lesions from her surgery were healing; there was no erythema surrounding

Don was seen today for his six-month interval scan to reassess his 5mm pulmonary nodules. Reassuringly, on the scan the nodules are stable, but the scan has shown the unexpected finding of some right upper lobe consolidation. Don has certainly bee symptomatic with this and three weeks ago had two days of a very high fever. Once the fever broke he has had a dry cough ever since then. Of note, this has never been productive. He does recall some viral symptoms preceding his high fevers and has had exposure to his grandkids. He is still quite troubled by the cough and of note, has not had any return of his sinus symptoms with post-nasal drip or any symptoms of GORD.

Cough is a defensive airway reflex consisting of a sequence of respiratory mechanical events: large inspiratory effort, transient closure of the larynx, and powerful expulsive effort. These respiratory mechanical events are caused by intense contractions of inspiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, expiratory laryngeal muscles, chest wall, and abdominal muscles. Motoneurons innervating these muscles are located in the brainstem and spinal cord and are controlled by a network of neurons known as the cough pattern generator. The cough pattern generator receives information regarding the mechanical and chemical status of the airways from sensory afferents in the lungs and larynx with axons in the vagus and superior laryngeal nerves. When the

Both sets of fibres combine in the pons to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. The nerve emerges from the brain at the cerebellopontine angle and exits the cranium via the internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone. Within the distal aspect of the internal acoustic meatus, the vestibulocochlear nerve splits, forming the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve. The vestibular

L-1, L-2, and L-3. Preganglionic fibers, through the lumbar sympathetic nerves which synapse in the preaortic plexus, and the postganglionic fibers follow the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery and superior rectal artery to reach the left colon and upper rectum. The lower rectum is innervated by the presacral nerves which are formed by the fusion of the aortic plexus and lumbar splanchnic nerves. Just below the sacral promontory, the presacral nerves gives rise to hypogastric plexus (or superior hypogastric plexus). Two main hypogastric nerves, on either side of the rectum, carry sympathetic innervation from the hypogastric plexus to the pelvic plexus which lies

An azygos lobe is defined as the congenital variation of the formation of the upper lobe of the right lung. From an embryological basis, this anomaly can arise from an anomalous course; from a lateral position, of the azygos vein located in a pleural septum which is found within the upper lobe of the lung. The azygos lobe is not considered a true accessory lobe due to it not having its own bronchus. However, the azygos lobe is not considered very fatal as compared to other congenital