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R.T. is a 64-year-old man who comes to his primary care provider’s (PCP’s) office for a yearly examination. He initially reports having no new health problems; however, on further questioning, he admits to having developed some fatigue, abdominal bloating, and intermittent constipation. His nurse practitioner completes the examination, which includes a normal rectal exam with a stool positive for guaiac. Diagnostic studies include a CBC with differential, chem 14, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). R.T. has not had a recent colonoscopy and is referred to a gastroenterologist for this procedure. A 5-cm mass found in the sigmoid colon confirms a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the colon. A referral is made for

In the United States, colorectal cancer affecting both men and women ranks high as a fatal cancer in individuals older than 50 years old (Gould & Dyer, 2011, p. 426). It was estimated in 2011 that 135,260 people diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 51,783 deaths ("Statistics," 2014). With an improved preventive measure of an early detection of precancerous lesions such as polyps, the prevalence of colorectal

Sorry to say, some colon cancers might be present without any signs or symptoms. For this reason, it is very important to have regular colon screenings or (examinations) to detect these problems early. The best screening evaluation is a colonoscopy. On the other hand, most colon cancers are connected with signs or symptoms. One of the early signs of colon cancer is bleeding. Most of the time , tumors often bleed only small amounts, off and on, so that evidence of the blood is found only during chemical testing of the stool, which is called a fecal occult blood test. Other signs and symptoms include:

The records have been reviewed. The member is an adult female with a birth date of 05/12/1964. She has a diagnosis of early stage colon carcinoma. Her treating provider, Stephen Grabelsky, MD recommended the Oncotype DX Colon Cancer Assay.

This is a test that only needs to be done once, and is gradually being implemented into use across the UK. It is often used after an abnormal result has been found during an FOB test. According to the NHS, “As of March 2015, about two-thirds of screening centres were beginning to offer the test to 55-year-olds.” This includes both males and females. Bowel scope screening basically involves the patient undergoing colonoscopy procedure to look inside the lower bowel of the patient for polyps, which are small lesions. The doctor or nurse then removes these polyps during a biopsy as they can become cancerous, and result in cancer of the

The American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines recommend colonoscopy,as the preferred cancer screening test for patients 50 years and older(Rex 2017). The technique of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) was developed for removingsessile or flat lesions confined to the superficial layers (mucosa and submucosa) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the colon, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. EMR with submucosal injection helps facilitate complete resection of polyps (Hwang 2015; Fyock 2010; Steele 2013), which is critical, as incomplete resections may contribute to the development of colon cancer in patients despite being on a colonoscopy screening/surveillance pathway (i.e. interval cancers). (von Renteln 2017; Bujanda 2010;

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) and LS (also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) combined likely affect 1 in 250 individuals in the general population, therefore, suggests that primary care providers (PCP) actively cares for a number of these individuals and their family members (Metcalf, Tanner, Buchanan, 2010). Failure to identify and manage individuals with HBOC and LS can result in more harm and increase poor cancer prognosis (Metcalf, Tanner, Buchanan, 2010; Rosato et al., 2013). There are a number of guidelines from prominent organizations including the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention suggesting that identification of HBOC and LS patients can improve outcomes through enhanced screening and preventive measures (Metcalf, Tanner, Buchanan, 2010). Although not recognized as a universal agreement, the best approaches to high risk individuals with HBOC and Lynch syndrome is a primary care setting, until there is universal agreement with improved identification of LS risk measures (Metcalf, Tanner, Buchanan, 2010). Researchers are exploring recommendations to offer genetic testing for LS to all individuals with diagnosed CRC, with the intent of reducing morbidity and mortality in family members (Bellcross et al., 2011). Currently there are no significant efforts on a national level to facilitate widespread genetic screening to prevent LS adult onset conditions in family members of affected individuals using a public health model (Bellcross et al., 2011). The same concepts and processes used in newborn universal screening are being considered as a model for implementing universal LS screening on a population level (Bellcross et al., 2011). In recognizing universal LS

If you're approaching your 50th birthday, your doctor may recommend a baseline colonoscopy. The American Cancer Society recommends that everyone should begin colon cancer screening tests at 50 years of age. A colonoscopy is one such test your doctor can order for a baseline and then repeat every ten years thereafter if the tests are negative. If your doctor finds early signs of cancer or polyps, you may need to have more frequent tests to keep an eye on your condition. Here's a look at why this colon cancer test is important for your health and how it's done.

CRC screening continues to play an integral role in prevention and early detection of CRC. It therefore influences the rates of CRC incidence and mortality rates. Regardless of empirical evidence about the efficacy of CRC screening, CRC screening remains subpar. Like CRC incidence CRC screening rates vary by age, race/ethnicity, and SES (6, 10, 13). In addition to these variables CRC screening rates also vary by geography (rurality vs urbanicity), health care coverage and access (10). Trends in CRC screening rates tend to vary across race/ethnicity. In a Randomized Clinical Trial conducted by Inadomi et al, significant variability was found between racial/ethnic groups (15). Examining completion rates of CRC screening African Americans had lowest completion rates for CRC screening (48%) whereas Asians and Latinos had the highest rates of completing screening for CRC with rates of 60.7 and 62.9 respectively (15). Furthermore, there were differences in rates across racial/ethnic background in completion of method used to screen for CRC that is FOBT vs colonoscopy. In another study by Ojinnaka et al, that examined previous rates for CRC screening it was found that Hispanics had a decreased likelihood of being screened compared to non- Hispanics (10). In the same study, it was found that

Otherwise why would he suggest I go through the anticipated torture of a colonoscopy? But that’s what he prescribed on my last yearly visit.

Colon cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Many of the colorectal cancers develop from precanurous polyps. Polyps are growths that rise in the lining of the colon and can be visible when the bowel is examined by endoscopy. There are two types of polyps: Aderiomatous and hyperplasic polyps. Aderiomatous polyps can become cancerous over the time and progress takes at least ten years in most men. Signs of colon cancer include a change in your bowel system (diarrhea or constipation or a change in the constant of your stool) that last for more than four weeks. Rectal signs are bleeding or blood in your stool. Many people may feel discomfort, such as pain or cramps. Others may even become weak or even fatigue. Multiple people who have colon cancer may experience no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. When the symptoms finally appear, they will likely vary, depending on the cancers size and the location in your large intestine. The primary goal of the screenings is to prevent deaths from colon cancer. Screening test can help identify cancers at an early and potentially at a curable stage. Screening can even prevent you from also true development of cancer by identifying and treating precancerous abnormal growths that can be removed before they become malignant. Physicians recommend that adults undergo colon cancer screening starting at the age 50 or maybe even earlier just depending on their risk of developing colorectal cancer. The screening tests are currently available each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Treatment for colon cancer is based on how severe the stage of cancer, but there are other important factors. People with colon cancer that have not spread to distant sites usually have surgery as the main or

Colonoscopy- This is the type of test where a doctor uses a flexible tube with a light and camera and inspects the entire colon for any polyps or growths that may be suspicious for cancer, which at this point they will be removed and biopsied to see if they are cancerous. The use of a colonoscopy has been shown to be This is the gold standard in colon cancer prevention .(Schmerling,2013)

Have you ever had a colonoscopy or endoscopy – where they take a camera and look through your mouth down into your stomach; or a camera that goes in your rectum that looks through your bowel and intestines?

When these symptoms appear it is actually a little bit late. Screening test is recommended, it is more accurate. Also, medical history and physical exam is needed. Doctors may want to take a complete medical history to check for symptoms and risk factors, including your family history (American cancer society, 2014). For physical exam, doctors will carefully feel your pelvic area for unusual tumor or enlarged organs. Also, they may test your stool to see if it contains occult blood. (American Cancer Society, 2014) Blood test can determine colorectal cancer too. There are few test that doctors might order. One of the test is CBC which is stand for complete blood count, use this to see if you have anemia. Anemia is due to long time bleeding from the tumor. When you take the blood test, you can also test the colorectal cancer cells called tumor makers which can be found in the bloodstream. This blood test usually use for those who were treated for colorectal cancer or who have been already diagnosed with colorectal cancer. (American Cancer Society, 2014) It can help people to know whether the treatment is successful or to warn cancer has

Some of the reasons that your doctor might order this exam are if you are experiencing diarrhea, constipation, blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, anemia, to screen for colon polyps or