Flashbulb Memories

Assuming the company does not invest in the new product line; prepare forecasted income statements and balance sheets at year-end 2010, 2011, and 2012. Based on these forecasts, estimate Flash's required external financing: in this case all required external financing takes the form of additional notes payable from its commercial bank, for the same period.

Throughout our lives, we definitely have gone through a lot of experiences and made memories. Some of the memories are easily forgotten, while some others are remembered distinctively, vividly and can be recollected confidently. This is called the flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memory is like a very clear picture of a particularly impactful event which had caused one to be affected emotionally. For example, I remember this performance that my school choir was performing. It was during Christmas season and we decided to spray bubble foam to portray fake snow. However, the plan backfired when the wind blew at our direction and all the foam flew back to us. This was remembered very clearly because I was embarrassed and had experienced something so

Human memory is a peculiar thing and many people question the phenomenon of false memories. A false memory is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that simply did not happen. Psychologists only know a limited amount about memory and how it works, there is plenty of information out there that is a mystery to us. The Mandela Effect is a type of memory glitch that has caused a lot buzz in recent years, it’s best referred to as an instance of collective misremembering. The name of the Mandela Effect came from Fiona Broome, who referred to herself as a “paranormal consultant.” She shared on her blog about how she noticed that she wrote about a false memory - that “Nelson Mandela, South African human rights activist and

Most people from one time to another have had a memorable event within their lifetime. One memorable event that spread across the United States and affected many people is what is known as 9/11. This event affected many innocent lives, those that survived as well as those that did not. September 11th marks in history as a horrifying even that now affects people’s societal, political, and personal decisions. It is marked down as a day no U.S. citizen would forget.

Studies found that people who were affected by the terrorist attacks that people either failed to seek treatment or demonstrated mental health symptoms 2 years after. Adding to that, other research has indicated various concerns of diseases as a result of mental health issues among individuals who described their first-hand experience in 9/11. Other research studies demonstrated that after a disaster event has occurred; those who were affected will show probable posttraumatic stress disorder and individual risk factors. “A renewed interest in the UMHCN of exposed persons has arisen due to the recent release of public funds for monitoring and treatment of 9/11 - related health conditions...” (Ghuman, et. al, 2014 p 2)

September 11th, 2001 will be a day that Americans remember for many years to come. A tragedy that killed nearly 3000 innocent people. Fifteen years have passed since that infamous day but it will live on through history forever. Although it will never be forgotten, people tend to read up on the events every year or two, especially around the time it happened. As a way to remember or mourn and gain more knowledge on the attacks, people will often read articles or look at photographs of the event. The article “America marks 15-year anniversary of 9/11 Attacks” and Thomas E. Franklins photograph taken on the day of the attacks serve as a way for people to remember and get that information in their own separate ways.

The Board of Directors, Flash Memory Inc. The Finance Team October 11, 2012 Investment in New Product Line

Reading your post about 9/11 from such a young age was very interesting. My son was five at the time of the attacks and to this day he remembers the fact that he was upset because PBS interrupted their programming for the news coverage and he did not get to watch Clifford the Big Red Dog. My son may not remember the details of that day, but he will forever remember the disruption in his everyday routine caused by the attacks. Goldstein (2015) points out that the “idea that people believe flashbulb memories are stronger and more accurate has led to the conclusion that the special nature of flashbulb memories can be traced to the emotional nature of flashbulb events” (p. 216). For my son, he remembers his television programs being interrupted

This article explains the importance of getting the perfect amount of sleep at night. The idea that sleeping for less than five hours or more than nine hours proves to have a negative effect on the human body. Sleep deprivation has a closely related link to memory retention and can cause a person to have trouble with daily task. The author continues to explain that not only is the brain effected by too little or too much sleep, but the rest of the body is also effected. Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and even depression have links to not getting the perfect amount of sleep. The article concludes with listing tips to get the ideal amount of sleep at night, such as, going to sleep and waking up at the same time every day and limiting the amount of caffeine that is consumed throughout the day.

Neurobiological studies show that both suppression and recall and the creation of false memories are possible. (Kandel, 1994) In this paper both sides of the debate will be analyzed and evaluated.

False memories have been the subject of many studies since Deese (1959) investigated their effects.

Memory does not work like a video camera, smoothly recording every detail. Instead, memory is more of a constructive process. We remember the details that we find most important and relevant. Due to the reconstructive nature of memory, the assimilation of old and new information has the ability to cause vulnerable memories to become distorted. This is also known as the misinformation effect (Loftus, 1997). It is not uncommon for individuals to fill in memory gaps with what they assume they must have experienced. We not only distort memories for events that we have observed, but, we may also have false memories for events that never occurred at all. False memories are “often created by combing actual memories with suggestions received from

Recollections of vivid autobiographical episodic memories formed when an individual experiences intense emotions, generating from a surprising public event defines Flashbulb memories (FBMs). Permanent and consistent remembrances processed cognitively and stored as explicit recollections in long term memory are additional features of FBMs (Goldstein, 2014). Brown & Kulik (1977) first proposed this phenomenon and argued FBMs are resistant to change like photographs. The ongoing debate over the process of cognition in relation to storing and recalling FBMs led numerous researchers to advance their understanding of the mental processing of FBMs and to evaluate the impact emotions have on memories. This paper discusses the pioneer investigation and findings from Brown & Kulik’s 1977. It further explores debates opposing their unique theory of FBMs and the apparent inadequacies of their conclusions. Additionally, this paper examines plausible hypotheses from researchers for the formation of FBMs like rehearsal of events and the inconsistencies of FBMs, their distortions and the decay FBMs experience over time. It then evaluates a contemporary study on FBMs and the necessity for future studies to develop a method to measure FBMs. This is imperative in order to gain a deeper understanding of the influences emotions have on shaping, processing and storing FBMs cognitively and consequently how it impacts on our daily lives.

Memory facilitates necessary functions in daily life activities, but it is not a perfect mechanism in operation. Goldstein (2011) states that memory is, “…the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present” (p.116). There are many adaptive functions within the complexities of the human memory system and the interlinked constructs between each function leave room for doubt in the accuracy of recollection. Study of the human mind has opened avenues of discovery on the inner workings of our brains and the resulting knowledge suggests that humans are prone to creating false memories and even remembering things that never actually happened. A great deal of information has been written explaining the nature of memory errors and within the following pages a real-life case offers a glimpse into how recall distortions and memory errors can wield unpleasant consequences. Memory errors can be avoided with a significant effort, but the truth remains that no one is perfect and memories are subject to individual bias.

Brown and Kulik discovered that these flash bulb memories were consistent over time. They did research on the death of Princess Diana and found that many people could remember a lot more than usual such as what time it was, who was with them etc. Such emotional events as September the 11th are very large scale and so many people will have flashbulb memories of the event making it easy to do a study and find proof of flashbulb memories. There is also evidence for forgetting as a result of repression. The main sort of evidence for repressed memories is a victim of crime. Many people who have been a victim of a crime can remember very little of it because emotion actually caused the memory to be repressed and forgotten. Freud helped to prove that people have repressed memories by using hypnosis that caused people to bring forgotten memories to light.