Flexor Muscle Exercise

According to Beek, Peper, and Stegeman (1995), “the motor control theories provide an explanation on how the nervous system will solve the degrees of freedom problem and serve to direct movement command.” The following theories are the generalized motor program theory and the dynamical systems theory. The GMP theory “proposes that the movement plan is retrieved from memory within the central nervous system and neural instructions are sent down to the effectors via the efferent pathways.” The dynamical systems approach on the other hand, “does not propose a hierarchical control, but suggests that movements emerge through self-organization of the interaction of the body and environment.” It can be said that everybody’s “bodily movements occur in the context of the everyday functioning of people while realizing specific task goals.” As a general, yet acquired rule, “such movements involve the participation of multiple joints and limbs.” Moreover, when in action, these body parts are “coordinated and are brought into proper relation to one another as well as to the surrounding layout of surface.” The coordination of these body parts may “look relatively simple, as in picking up an object, or relatively complicated, as in juggling, performing an attacking forehand drive in table tennis or playing the drums.” To the psychomotor scientist or researcher, however, “all coordination is complex in that he or she is confronted with the challenge to explain

Occupational Therapy is a growing field; one that is constantly changing as technology becomes more advanced. There are different techniques and methods used in this field, as well as the field of physical therapy, in order assist in client advancement and growth. The traditional method being discussed is Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation also known as PNF and the contemporary technique is Kinesio Taping. These techniques and methods came about for the same purpose, and that is to ultimately help both the Practitioners and of course clients they work with.

The cerebral activity is more important for an exercise which implicates legs than for an

At this point in time neurological gait disorders, which according to Driscoll and Skinner (2008) include:

Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is a treatment approach that has been found to be effective in unilateral (hemiplegic) spastic cerebral palsy. It involves constraint of the less impaired upper extremity and repetitive practice of the affected arm and hand. Casts, splints, and slings are used to restrain the unaffected arm while the individual is encouraged to use the impaired arm. The individual performs motor activities repetitively for up to 6 hours a day for 2 to 4 weeks. In order to perform more complex functional motor acts, the task is broken down into smaller movements and rewarded at each step of the

The article “Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of normal gait: a Theoretical Framework for Crouch Gait” by Allison Arnold, Frank Anderson, Marcus Pandy, and Scott Delp investigates the biomechanics of normal gait in hopes to uncover ideas to help determine treatments for crouch gait. Crouch gait is a bothersome abnormality that affects the gait pattern of people who suffer from the condition of cerebral palsy. It’s characterized by excessive flexion of the hips and knees during standing and excessive use of metabolic energy to complete a single gait cycle. Currently, the treatments for this condition are limited and have unpredictable outcomes due to the unknown biomechanical causes of the excessive flexion in crouch gait. These treatments include surgical lengthening of hamstrings, ankle-foot orthoses, and intense stretching regimens, with patients experiencing results ranging from no improvement in their symptoms to dramatic improvements. The vast array of results from treatments are due to the little understanding medical professionals have of not only abnormal gait patterns (such as crouch gait) but of normal gait as well (Arnold, Anderson, Pandy, and Delp, 2005). Despite the article’s title relating to crouch gait, the purpose of the study conducted was to examine and quantify the accelerations of normal hip and knee movements that were induced by specific muscles during the single limb stance phase and to rank these

Nursing report that pt fell over the weekend. Pt reported he was trying to take off his pants off while sitting on the edge of the bed. Pt lost his balance and slided off bed. Facilitation of Bobath techniques and movement to increase sensory input to (L) UE and awareness of hemiplegic (L) UE. Tone management, including positioning of (L) UE into multiple weight bearing planes and through being in quadruped position due to hypertonicity. Pt performed 1/4 active (L) scapular elevation.

The significant improvement in post-treatment mean values of all measured variables in the three groups may attribute to motor learning effect as multiple repetitions of movement with intensive training required for new motor skill acquisition and inducing long-term brain plasticity. Sensorimotor stimulation is needed to induce this plasticity that is intensive, highly repetitive and rewarded. The neural plasticity and motor function retraining using multiple repetitions of movement are essential to regain function

The human brain is an amazing organ with its ability to fix or reorganize itself to adapt to negative or positive feedback. Taub took previous experiments and knowledge on neuroplasticity to improve an existing treatment for patients who had lost or decreased function in one of their extremities. The treatment is called Constraint-Induced Movement therapy or CI therapy. The basis behind CI therapy is that if the less disabled extremity is restrained, the patient will be forced to use their “bad” extremity, therefore increasing their range of motion and ability. Along with the restraint, patients were also asked to perform a number of shaping exercises. A shaping exercise consists of success in small steps, meaning there doesn’t have to be much

Using a sample of 17 SCI AIS D level patients, Benito et al. [12] applied 20 Hz high-frequency rTMS to an experimental group consisting of seven patients, and applied sham rTMS to the control group consisting of ten patients, for 15 days each and reported that the experimental group showed significant improvement in modified Ashworth scale (MAS), 10 m walking test (MWT), cadence, step length, and timed up and go test (TUG) compared to the control group.

Certain functional abilities such as walking need some amount of dorsiflexion, minimum of 10 degrees of dorsiflexion (mecagni et al). With the ageing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion is reduced Chesworth et al, 1992). Decreased ankle range of motion alters movement patterns declining the balance of these patients (Elin et al, 2011) (Mecagni et al). Furthermore, decreases in postural control may result from the use of motions at the hip or trunk that are required to compensate for restrictions in motion at the ankle (Mecagni et al).

An examination of a person’s gait would reveal that the body is in a constant state of imbalance with each step taken. The body counteracts and maintains postural control and balance during these perturbations by regulating the integrated relationship between center of mass (COM) and base of support (BOS); and we use observe the effects of this relationship with use of the motion analysis system. Therefore, the purpose of this lab is to examine the relationship between COM and BOS during walking. I hypothesized that of the three walking task, (normal walking, walking along a tape line, and walking while balancing a book on your head), that walking while balancing a book upon your head would have the greatest amount of COM sway

Our meta-analysis revealed that premotor reaction times are indeed faster in SCM+ than in SCM- trials. The estimated magnitude of this effect across the studies may be long enough to entertain the possibility that motor programs are triggered via a pathway that bypasses some cortical areas of the brain [1, 23], but not fast enough to completely rule out cortical involvement [11]. Although, the meta-analysis showed that the effect associated with SCM activity is robust across studies, the heterogeneity test approached significance and depended on the correlation coefficient chosen for the studies for which data was not available: an increase in the correlation coefficient from 0.5 to 0.56 resulted in a statistically significant

For the walking rehabilitation and gait training of stroke patients, body weight supported treadmill walking training is widely used in clinics as a physically active rehabilitation technique (Miller, Quinn, Seddon. 2002). Stroke patients have very distinctive walking patterns exhibiting long gait cycles, low walking speeds, alterations in stride length between the affected side and the unaffected side step length, short stance phases and long swing phases on the affected side (Finch, Barbeau, Arsenault, 1991). Parameters surrounding BWSTT suggest the amount support of used is dependent on the ability of the patient to carry body weight on the affected leg during single limb stance, maintaining proper trunk and limb alignment (Hesse, 2008).

The goals of a device assistive to the rehabilitation process are to improve independent mobility, reduce disability, delay functional decline, decrease the burden of care and provide assessment tools for the medical community. Patients using assistive devices have reported improved confidence and feeling of safety resulting in increased activity levels and independence. Assistive devices such as canes, crutches, and walkers can be used to increase a patient's base of support, improve balance and increase activity and independence. Walkers are an important assistive device for people with difficulty of walking unassisted, helping them maintain mobility and continue an active lifestyle. An inactive lifestyle can lead to weakened motor skills,