Fluid And Continuum Mechanics

flow. When a reaction occurs under constant-pressure conditions, we call the heat portion of the

Heat: The amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in matter.

3. Convection the transfer of heat through currents of gases or liquids. (occurs passively as warmer air at the surface of the body rises away from the body and is replaced by cooler air – process is aided by wind or fans)

Continuous process flows often refer to the continuous “flow” of a product through a product such as a liquid that is being produced from the process.

A Newtonian fluid is a fluid that exhibits constant viscosity regardless of any external stress applied to it, like mixing or a sudden application of force. Like water; this flows in the same direction regardless of whether it’s left alone or agitated. A Newtonian fluid, by definition, can only be affected by pressure and temperature together, or temperature, but not pressure on its own.

P1. Fluid power is the use of fluids under immense pressure to generate, control, and transmit power; this is split into hydraulics which uses oil or water, and pneumatics which uses gas such as air. There are many health and safety legislations and regulations that apply when working with fluid power equipment and systems. This is to prevent any harm to health or even death in the work place.

3. When heat flows from a warm object in contact with a cool object, do both objects undergo the same amount of temperature change?

Osmosis by definition is the process of diffusion in which a fluid moves from an area of less concentration a hypotonic solution, of dissolved particles to a region of higher concentration or hypertonic solution, of dissolved particles across a semi-permeable membrane (a membrane that only allows specific membranes to pass through it). Because there is a difference in the concentration gradient, the dissolved particles are free to move across the semi-permeable membrane from the higher concentration to the lower concentration.

Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of exothermic reactions are:

Do you know what state of matter slime is? It can be picked up like a solid, but it also doesn’t take shape like a liquid, so what is it exactly? Slime is actually a non-Newtonian fluid —a substance that acts like both solid and liquid.

In scientific terms, slime is classified as a non-Newtonian fluid. These are thick liquids that have a variable viscosity. Viscosity is a measurement of the resistance to flow when a shearing force is applied. Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity depending on their composition. For example, water is always a thin liquid with a low viscosity. Molasses is thick and has a high viscosity. Non-Newtonian fluids, like slime, have a different viscosity based on the amount of force put on them. If a small amount of force is applied, such as stirring them slowly with your fingers, they feel thin and water-like. If a high force is applied, like throwing it against a wall, the resistance is very strong. They are called non-Newtonian fluids because they do not behave as predicted by Newton's laws. Other materials that also behave like this include ketchup, gelatin, glue, and quicksand.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object. Internal energy is the total energy of the particles in the object. It is not the same then, as it is possible to have objects at a high temperature with low internal energy (eg a spark) and another object at a low temperature but with high internal energy by virtue of its large size ( a bath of warm water) Energy will flow from the object with the highest AVERAGE internal energy to one with a lower average internal energy

Thermal energy is the energy a substance or system has related to its temperature. This means the energy of moving or vibrating molecules. Atoms and molecules are always in motion. Generally the motion of thermal energy cannot be seen, but instead the effects it has on the substance can be seen or felt. Thermal energy can have several different uses. It can be used to heat homes, cook food, and generate electricity.

2.1. Diffusion is the spontaneous kinetic movement by which molecules move from an area of a high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion continues until it reaches equilibrium. Osmosis is similar to Diffusion but it’s the process in which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane and goes to the higher concentration of solute.1

Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. The flow of the energy is from the object of higher temperature to the object of lower temperature. The heat is measured in units of energy, usually calories or joules. Temperature on the other hand, is how cold or hot an object is. The temperature is the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance. This is measured in degrees on the Celsius or Fahrenheit or in Kelvins.