Fluid Resuscitation Protocols And Interventions Have Established Guidelines For Nursing Care Of Burn Patients

Patients who have burns will lose a profuse amount of water, becoming hypovolemic, as well as electrolytes and become dehydrated quickly. The body wants to try and maintain homeostasis so the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system will activate to conserve as much sodium as possible; for every three sodium ions withheld in the system, the body pumps two potassium ions out into urine excretion. The body is trying to hold on to more sodium so there is more potassium being excreted in the urine.

Koran Z. Therapeutic Hypothermia in the Post-Resuscitation Patient: The Development and Implementation of an Evidence-Based Protocol for the Emergency Department. J Trauma Nursing 16: 48-57, Jan-March 2009. Web. 20 June 2015.

Burns- don’t cover the area with anything, minor burn run cold water over the area for 10 mins, major burns-seek immediate medical

Burns can range from first to third-degree with identifiable marking to each. Avid sun bathers have probably all experienced anything from a slight reddening to blistered skin. Each degree of burn destroys cells thereby disrupting homeostasis. Injury suffered by the epidermis, dermis, and possibly hypodermis, breaks down the protection the skin offers.

The title clearly represents the main topic and population of the study – the changes that occur in medical care when a person is placed on a Do-Not-Resuscitate order and pediatric oncology patients. The abstract capably depicts the problem that is being addressed, the results from the study, and the implications of the study. The methods for gathering data are also included in the abstract. The abstract may benefit from including the limitations of this research study, specifically that this study focused on one hospital; therefore, the results may not be able to be generalized to other populations. Overall, the abstract is written well.

Burn injury is one of the most severe forms of critical illness and is associated with long-term complications. One concern is the long-term effects of burn-associated metabolic abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism, which lead to the high incidence of morbidity and mortality in this patient population [1].

This loss of water affects homeostasis and until skin is repaired and the patient is on their way to recovery they may not have the ability to properly maintain their water levels to remain in a homeostatic state. This results in the need for fluids to be given to the patient through an IV at the same rate the patient is losing fluid to avoid both death and shock. The amount of fluid being lost can be calculated using the Rule of Nines and the patients body weight. While burns may not spread to others it may spread to affect more than just the integumentary system; severe burns may reach bone infecting the skeletal system, severe burns damage or destroy nerve endings causing an effect on the nervous system, the inability to retain fluids in severe burn patients causes dehydration affecting the urinary system.

Healing of the acute injuries starts with the acute vascular inflammatory response. The purpose of those vascular changes is to increase the blood flow to the area, mobilize

-Plaintiffs' expert, a scholar in thermodynamics applied to human skin burns, testified that liquids, at 180 degrees, will cause a full thickness burn to human skin in two to seven seconds.

The extend of the burn depends on the length of time, temperature and duration of contact with the

Wound care treatment for burn patients is a painful experience where pain relief options are limited or otherwise too expensive and dangerous such as general anaesthesia (Patterson & Ptacek, 1997). Burn patients are given opioid-based drugs like morphine to manage their pain but this rarely eradicates the pain completely and some patients may find these drugs have little effect at all (Hoffman et al., 2004; Patterson, Hoffman, Palacios, & Jensen, 2006; Patterson & Ptacek, 1997). Burn patients undergoing wound care treatment experience increased pain in the early stages of recovery; more so than the initial incident of being burned. (Harandi, Esfandani, & Shakibaei, 2004; Patterson & Ptacek, 1997). Burn patients not only experience physical trauma but psychological trauma as well; as such, these factors can have an adverse effect on the patients’ recovery (Harandi et al., 2004). To provide additional pain relief and expedite recovery, several studies have been conducted to explore adjunctive pain relief methods that can be used frequently with minimum cost and risk.

According to content obtained from (www.uptodate.com) Burns are the leading cause of accidental injury and death in the United States and worldwide [1-5]. Each year approximately one million people in the United States seek medical care for burns, approximately one-third of these in the emergency department [1,4-6]. Although the vast majority of injuries do not reuire hospitalization, severe burns can lead to significant morbidity and death.

An aspect where fluid resuscitation can be beneficial to the outcome of the patient is when sepsis is present. According to Bozza et al (2010), “hemodynamic instability plays a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation, tissue hypoxia, and multiple organ dysfunction in sepsis,” and that fluid therapy reduces mortality in these patients by helping to restore this imbalance. Thus establishing that fluid resuscitation can be beneficial in prehospital care as it assists in maintaining adequate organ and tissue perfusion. This evidence is also supported by Daniels (2011), who outlines that early diagnosis and early fluid therapy is associated with decreased mortality in sepsis patients, as maintaining a systolic blood pressure

The inflammation process begins by a response to any agent that causes cell injury or bacteria response. This could either be physical, chemical or microbiologic. Physical response is can either by to heat or cold. Concentrated acid or alkali are some examples of chemical response. Some examples of microbiologic response is bacterium or virus. After the inflammation response begins, the capillaries begin to dilate. The blood vessels begin to expand, which increases the blood flow. This causes the skin to increase in temperature and redness. Because of the dilation, the capillary permeability, a condition of the capillary wall structure that allows blood elements and waste products to pass through the capillary wall to tissue spaces, increases. The leakage of plasma causes the skin or affected area to begin to swell. White blood cells, leukocytes, begin to migrate to the site of injury. Polymorphonuclear is the most important cell. At this point in the inflammation process, the systemic response begins. This is a set of physiologic actions that fight the infection and heal wounds. Exudates are fluids and cells that filled the tissue space during inflammation. There are many different types of exudate: serous, purulent, fibrinous, hemorrhagic based, and purulent exudate. The last part of the inflammation process is the outcome. This depends on how

In the Burn recovery process give fluid and nutrition to the patient in the first couple of days after a burn is one of the biggest priorities for the doctor and then taking him to the operation room to get all the dead skin from the patient, when the damage is too big patient has to use a tube for breathing, changing part of the tissue skin can take from 1 to 3 unit of blood transfers to the larger the percent of burn the patient have, the more surgeries will be required.