Radio isotope name Fluorine-18
Name of application (the purpose to which it is applied) It is used in the radiopharmaceutical industry, positron emission tomography: metabolic abnormalities
Diagram of atomic structure of this isotope
Main uses of the radio isotope Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in Positron Emission Tomography and the radiopharmaceutical industry. “PET is imaging for cancer. Fluorine-18 is synthesised into fluorodeoxyglucose for PET.” (Wikipedia). It is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.
Fluorine-18 is used in PET because it is substituted for hydroxyl and
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The short half-life of this isotope means that radiation levels reduce quickly. High-density shielding material should be used when storing F-18 but this is impractical when handling the material. The predominant radiation emitted is gamma rays. Therefore, field contamination monitors should use sensitive gamma detectors.
References/ resources which are used 1. : En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Fluorine-18. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]
2. Accessdata.fda.gov. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2005/021870lbl.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
3. dummies. (2018). The Process of Natural Radioactive Decay - dummies. [online] Available at: http://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/the-process-of-natural-radioactive-decay/ [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
4. Docs.csg.ed.ac.uk. (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.docs.csg.ed.ac.uk/Safety/rpu/gn/GN008.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar.
Fluoride Fluoride is a mineral that occurs naturally in almost all foods and water supplies. The fluoride ion comes from the element fluorine. Fluorine, the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust, is never encountered in its free state in nature. It exists only in combination with other elements as a fluoride compound. Fluoride is effective in preventing and reversing the early signs of tooth decay.
Issue: In medicine, radioisotopes are bonded with chemical compounds to form radioactive tracers, which are then injected into the patient’s bloodstream. The radiation emitted by the tracers allows doctors to obtain images of organ systems, facilitating the early and accurate diagnosis of disease. However, to avoid radio- active contamination, care must be taken in the storage, use, and disposal of this material.
The brain function being studied during a PET scan determines which positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical is used. Oxygen-15 can be used to label oxygen gas for the study of oxygen metabolism, carbon monoxide for the study of blood volume, or water for the study of blood flow in the brain. Similarly, fluorine-18 can be attached to a glucose molecule to produce 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for use in the observation of the brain’s sugar metabolism.
Despite differences in symptoms, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Psoriasis are significantly linked, they are both immune-mediated and can be treated by the same drug: dimethyl fumarate. Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the Myelin Sheath that covers a nerve cell in the CNS, thus causing scar tissue called Sclerosis.* Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) involves episodes of inflammation called relapses which include: numbness and tingling, fatigue and vision loss (also known as optic neuritis).*Like MS, the exact cause of Psoriasis is unknown besides the fact that the cause of symptoms, such as inflamed red patches of skin which may crack or bleed are due to the immune
1. Explain the position of the role you have been assigned, and provide at least two references that support the position of your role.
Fluorine (F) is an element found in the 7th group of the periodic table from the halogen family. It’s an element that most reactive as it only needs to gain one electron to form Fluoride ion (F-). It’s in this form of fluoride that is found in our drinking water also known as fluoridated water. Water, food and living organisms are exposed to inorganic fluorides and they are hydrogen fluoride (HF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), sodium fluoride (NaF), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and silicofluoride. Fluoride compounds are plentiful in the earth’s crust and naturally found in rocks, soils, salt and sea water, representing approximately 0.06-0.09%.
Radiation can also be used to treat organs and tumors. There are over ten thousand hospitals that use radioisotopes in medicine. The most common isotope is technetium—99. Technetium—99 is used around 20 million times each year. The amount of radiation this isotope gives off is low, and therefore not harmful to the patient. The amount of radiation an injection of technetium—99 is 250 MBq. This number is far below boundary of radioactivity harm.
For over 60 years, Americans have been inundated with propaganda proclaiming the benefits of artificially fluoridating the public’s drinking water to prevent tooth decay. I do not use the term “propaganda” lightly. In fact the “father” of modern propaganda, nephew of Sigmund Freud, Edward Bernays was brought in to sell spiking America’s public water supply with fluoride (Pilger). This was critical to protect the American Aluminum Company (ALCOA), the world’s largest aluminum producer, from litigation from their workers who were exposed to toxic levels of sodium fluoride. Fluoride in the public water supply is a detriment to the health of Americans and provides no positive benefits while presenting great risk. Fluoridated water is poison, it is proven to decrease IQ, and it is medicating the public with an FDA classified tranquilizer without the informed consent of the citizens.
In 2014, the United States welcomed a product called silver diamine fluoride after it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It was with the help of Dr. Peter Milgrom, DDS., a professor at the University of Washington, who pushed through and got this fluoride approved. It was cleared as a cavity varnish for patients with hypersensitivity. It became available to dentists in 2015 and the CDT code of D1354 was created in January of 2016. Prior to this, the dentistry did not have a code to monitor this. Price per bottle of silver diamine fluoride is $129. Each bottle averages roughly 250 drops, which makes each drop of fluoride 0.52. Since its clearance for hypertension by the FDA, dentists have discovered the fluoride’s antimicrobial effects on dental caries. Silver diamine fluoride now has an off-label use to arrest dental caries while simultaneously preventing dental caries, and treating dental hypersensitivity. This is similar to that of fluoride varnish, which was created to treat hypersensitivity, but has an off-label use of preventing decay.
Water fluoridation came about in 1945 when Grand Rapids, Michigan came to be the first foremost town in the world whose water was artificially fluoridated. The lead up of fluoridation of water started in 1901, when dentist Dr. Frederick McKay discovered the natives of Colorado had brown stains covering their teeth. In 1902, Dr. J.M. Eager also became aware of a similar condition in Naples. Over the next few years, McKay came to learn of multiple cases suggesting that the water supply may be accountable for the discolouration.
The initial reactants are hydrogen fluoride and dimethyl ether in a 1:1 ratio [1]. There is hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen fluoride molecules, between the fluorine in the hydrogen fluoride molecules and the methyl groups on dimethyl, and between the methyl groups and the oxygen atom in dimethyl ether [1]. The first bond broken is the covalent bond between hydrogen and fluorine [2&3]. The fluorine atom takes both of the electrons from the hydrogen because it is more electronegative, leaving the hydrogen atoms as naked protons with a charge of +1 [4]. Each fluorine atom is now an anion with a complete valence shell of electrons and a charge of -1 [5]. Simultaneous, the transient hydrogen ion collides with and covalently bonds with the
Positron emission tomography (PET) enables the visualisation of organs and their functionality. PET scans utilise positron-emitting radioactive materials called radioisotopes (also known as radionuclides). Common radioisotopes and their respective half-lives include 11Carbon (~20 minutes), 13Nitrogen (~10 minutes), 15Oxygen (~2 minutes), and 18Fluorine (~110 minutes). These radioisotopes can be incorporated into radiopharmaceuticals (also known as radiotracers) to detect diseases and disorders. These radioisotopes enable the detection of differences in both metabolic and chemical activity in the body. The decay of a radioisotope results in the emission of positrons. The positrons are absorbed by organs and tissues of the body, and the PET scanner
I first heard about silver diamine fluoride (SDF) about a year ago from a parent of a patient who had just moved to the area and joined our practice. Their youngest daughter who was 18 months of age was diagnosed with decay on the interproximal areas of the maxillary incisors. The decay was large enough that the doctor was recommending for the to be treated. Due to the patients, young age and uncooperative behavior the doctor recommended general anesthesia to have the treatment completed. They were shocked as most parents are when they hear the recommendation of general anesthesia. They spoke with the doctor about a fluoride treatment their dentist in Chicago had used on their older child. It was called Advantage Arrest, a silver diamine fluoride
Fluorouracil is a pyrimidine analog and is used in cancer treatment. It is a suicide inhibitor and works through irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase. It belongs to the family of drugs which is called the antimetabolites
As early as 1996, Moon et al evaluated the use of Whole-Body Fluorine-18-FDG PET in 57 patients suspected to have recurrent or metastatic breast cancer and proved that FDG PET was 93% sensitive and 79% specific