Fluoroquinolone Resistance To Antibiotic Resistance

The misuse and overdose of the antibiotics increase the resistance problem. It can cause these bacteria to

When antibiotic is used most of the bacteria die but a few bacteria with antibiotic resistance gene survive and reproduce and pass this advantage to their offsprings. This selective pressure exists naturally, however antibiotic misuse can be accused for fastening the spread of the antibiotic resistance gene [Refer to figure 2] (Learn Genetics 2015). Consequently, inappropriate antibiotic intake will lead to a greater chance of superbugs being developed. Antibiotic resistance can be defined as a new ability which a bacterium has developed to stay unattached in the presence of an antibiotic that was previously effective to destroy the bacterium (ABC science 2015). Four key mechanisms that has been identified for bacterial antibiotic resistance can be listed as: producing enzymes that inhibit the functionality of the drug, reducing the effectiveness of the drug by producing targets against which the antibiotic, reducing the permeability of the drug into the bacterium and active export of antibiotics using various pumps (Pogson 2012). All these mechanisms can be developed by any of the bacteria when the corresponding mutated gene of antibacterial resistance is received. The genes code for specific proteins, and variation in the gene leads to alteration of the shape of proteins. This leads to changing the functionality

In doing research for an example of natural selection, I came across antibiotic resistant bacteria. This has become one of the biggest threats to the healthcare community and Center for Disease Control. Through the use of antibiotics in treatments that are not necessarily bacterial infections, as well as the over use and misuse of antibiotics, bacteria have evolved in ways making the antibiotics used against them useless. If a bacteria manages to survive through a dose of an antibiotic, they are capable of mutating and can transfer their DNA to other bacteria. The new bacteria multiply quickly and spread to other parts of your body or outside of your body to a new host. Once the bacteria have mutated and its DNA has been transferred to

There are, however, certain bacteria that are resistant towards antibiotics without changing their genes. Certain bacteria are resistant to some antibiotics naturally, and this happens in the case that the bacteria are too strong to kill with a weak antibiotic. Whenever this occurs, patients will normally be prescribed a more powerful antibiotic. This also happens when the colonies of bacteria are too large in comparison to the amount of antibiotic, and taking a higher dosage of antibiotic can help this.

First, antibiotic resistance is the ability of infections to evolve. These new adaptations will frequently allow an infection to withstand attacks from a drug it previously could not handle. When physicians treat infections with drugs, the drug kills off all of the bacteria that cannot stand up to the medication. Sometimes, a few bacteria remain that were able to combat the drug. These bacteria continue to grow and reproduce. As a result, all of its offspring also have the DNA necessary to fight off the medication. These

Bacterial Pathogens have been developing resistance to antibiotic treatment soon after these drugs were developed. Mutations in the genes of the bacteria allow it to survive despite being exposed to the medications designed to kill them. Through directional selection, the bell curve is shifted to a phenotype that is designed to survive in harsh conditions that would normally kill them.

The way that bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics can be in three ways which are; genetic mutation, gaining resistance from another bacteria and some are naturally resistant. DNA mutation occurs spontaneously

Antibiotic resistance occurs due to the strong selection pressure that antibiotics impose on a bacterium community. Most bacteria are affected by the antibiotic and are killed, but at times, a mutation occurs in an individual that leads to a resistant bacterium. This resistant strain can then spread rapidly due to the lack of competing bacteria (Yurchenko, 2018). This resistance is more likely to occur from the overuse of antibiotics; therefore, it has been a point of emphasis to use antibiotics only when necessary and not

Antibiotics have been an important instrument in public health since 1928, saving the lives of people around the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), about half of antibiotics used in human and animals are unnecessarily and inappropriately prescribed, leading to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria (CDC, 2015). The CDC estimates that drug-resistant bacteria cause two million illnesses and approximately 23,000 deaths each year in the United States alone (2015).

Resistance methods may also include inactivation of the antibiotic by an enzyme (acetyltransferase or phosphotransferase). There is also the possibility of mutations in the bacterial rRNA which interferes with the reception of the drug to the bacterial cell. Another mechanism of resistance includes an active efflux pump, which transfers chemicals such as antibiotics out of (bacterial) cells.It has been observed that “cells exhibited upregulation and downregulation of genes involved in protein biosynthesis, nutrient transport, gene regulation, stress and metabolism” in the presence of the

The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance occurs when bacterial organisms can resist – via several different avenues – the harmful effects of antibiotic drugs, which ultimately results in a selective advantage that is not shared amongst the remainder of the population that is still susceptible to the effects of the drugs. There are numerous ways that bacteria are known to show resistance to antibiotics. Some bacteria can modify the chemical nature of the drug, making it ineffective, and yet some possess a different form of target site that the drug is not compatible with, which inhibits the drug’s ability to bind to the bacterial cell. When coupled with prevalent antibiotic use amongst human populations, these acquired mechanisms of resistance can be selectively advantageous to the bacteria in possession of them. Being resistant to one or more antibiotic drugs means that these bacteria can survive and pass on their genes for resistance to their offspring, which can have negative effects on human populations, especially in the healthcare setting. Antibiotic resistance has garnered much attention in recent years across the developed world, as pathogenic microbes become resistant to more and more antibiotics thanks to both the overuse and misuse of these drugs. The increased frequency of which this problem has

Antibiotics resistance occurs when bacteria change their structure as a mechanism for survivor. Once bacteria become resistant to antibiotics the illness they cause become more severe and thus treatment becomes hard then those caused by non-resistant bacteria. The second biggest threat to public health is the diminishing of effective antibiotics resulting from microbial antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance will kill 300 million people by 2050. Antibiotic resistance appears when an antibiotic resistance loses the strength to effectively manage or kill bacteria and bacteria growth. There are some antibiotics that are naturally resistant to the human body. There are two other ways your body could become antibiotic resistant, 1) by genetics or 2) by acquiring resistance from other antibiotics. Many people ask how antibiotic resistance spreads. It can spread “vertically” which is a new generation that inherits antibiotic resistance genes. It can also spread “horizontally” is when bacteria share or exchange sections of genetic material with other bacteria.

A serious public health problem is the rise in antibiotic resistance. Some bacteria that can cause serious disease are becoming resistant to most commonly available antibiotics. Antibiotic medications are used to kill bacteria, which can cause disease and illness. A major contribution to human health is antibiotic medication. Many diseases that once killed people in the past can now be treated effectively with antibiotics. However, it has come to the surface that some bacteria have become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria that are not controlled or killed by antibiotics. They can multiply and even survive in the presence of an antibiotic. Most infection-causing bacteria can become resistant to at least some antibiotics. Bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics are known as multi-resistant organisms (MRO). (Antibiotic Resistant bacteria, 2017)

Bacteria that are able to develop or acquire (through lateral gene transfer) a stochastic mutation that enables antibiotic resistance are more likely to survive and mature to replication stage and are therefore favoured by natural selection (Antimicrobial Resistance, 2013). These strains are then able to outcompete antibiotic susceptible bacteria in environments with antibiotics present to replicate to continue to harm the infected organism. Some mutations in the bacteria allow it to produce chemicals (enzymes) that inactivate antibiotics, while other mutations eliminate the cell target that the antibiotic attacks.