Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis Research Paper

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

All the symptoms that were described were based on the kidney functions, so more and further

Acute renal failure occurs quickly over a period of days or weeks with a reduction in GFR and elevation of BUN, plasma creatinine and crystatin C levels. Oliguria (urine output of < 30ml/hr or < 400 ml/day) is usually associated with ARF, although urine output may be normal or increased as well. Fluid is still filtered at the glomerulus but there is an alteration in tubular secretion or reabsorption. Most types of ARF are reversible if diagnosed and treated early (Perrin, 2009).

Patient reports no weight fluctuations. Denies fatigue, malaise, weakness, sweats, night sweats and chills. Patient reports mild left leg weakness secondary to left tibia fracture June 2012, but ambulates well and is able to be active in school sports, hiking, biking, and swimming. Patient reports working on building strength in left leg through sports and recreational activities. Patient reports asthmatic exacerbations with exercise. Patient reports trying to build lung capacity by running and swimming which exacerbates his asthmatic condition and uses inhalers.

M.T. has a 1-year history of atrial fibrillation. She takes warfarin daily, and her INR is within the therapeutic range, between 2 and 3. Her creatinine level is 1.3 mg/dL, and a normal level is 0.6-1.2 mg/dl for women. This indicates that she has slightly reduced renal function at this time, possibly due to her diabetes, medications, age, or urinary tract infection (UTI). She has been diagnosed with acute uncomplicated UTI. The 24-hour history of dysuria, urinary frequency, and urgency combined with the urinalysis result

To understand autoimmune diseases, the general characteristic of autoimmunity must be addressed. Autoimmunity is defined, in short, as “ misdirected immune response”. A healthy person is equipped with the mechanisms necessary to defend the body from pathogens within the immune system. When autoimmunity is present in an individual, something within the immune system is

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

pain. The second stage is the chronic renal failure, which is accompanied by feelings of

All patients fulfilled at least four of the revised classification criteria for SLE of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) as described in table ()

Drug therapy consists of; Lasix, antihypertensives, antiemetics, H-2 blockers, erythropoietin, vitamins and electrolyte balancing agents (phosphate, calcium, V-D, Vit-B, and amino acids. Dialysis is mostly the patient’s only way of survival. Nutritional therapy is encouraging patients to avoid ↑Ca and ↑ protein foods. Fluid restriction is important since the kidneys have a difficult time excreting. If left untreated the patient would essentially die. The fluid overload combined with the toxicity of the left over wastes would shut down the body’s organs and death would occur.

CAUSES OF ALBUMINURIA High blood pressure, Congestive heart failure  Metabolic syndrome, or kidney damage from nephrotic syndrome ALBUMINURIA is seen in all forms of acute and chronic renal diseases GLUCOSE Glucose is found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body manufactures Glucosuria- The presence of glucose or blood sugar in urine is. It may indicate that the person has diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus -  condition in which the pancreas no longer produces  enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed int o  the cells of the body. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS  frequent urination increased thirst  increased hunger The treatment includes changes in diet, oral  medications, and in some cases, daily injecti ons of  insulin.

Nephrotoxins, acute interstitial nephritis, glomerular damage, and vascular damage also correlate with intrarenal acute renal failure (Singh, Levy, & Pusey, 2013). Postrenal acute renal failure is usually a result of a urinary tract obstruction that affects the kidneys bilaterally, which causes the intraluminal pressure upstream from the site of the obstruction to increase with a progressive decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). A pattern consisting of several hours of anuria with flank pain followed by polyuria is typically found in individuals with postrenal acute renal failure (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014).

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.

As soon as (GRF) becomes less than 15 %, the symptoms of kidney failure clearly

A possible association between NSF and GBCAs was first reported in a May 29, 2006, press release from the Danish Medicines Agency (DMA) and the April 2006 report by Grobner et al in Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation (2006) Vol 21 (4):1104-1108 and following erratum (2006) 21(6): 1745.